{"id":4229,"date":"2026-01-03T05:33:51","date_gmt":"2026-01-03T05:33:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/?p=4229"},"modified":"2026-05-22T06:29:37","modified_gmt":"2026-05-22T06:29:37","slug":"metody-propagandy-historie-moderni-formy-a-jak-je-rozpoznat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/metody-propagandy-historie-moderni-formy-a-jak-je-rozpoznat\/","title":{"rendered":"Propaganda: historie, metody, modern\u00ed formy a jak je rozpoznat"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pro mnoh\u00e9 - a j\u00e1 s\u00e1m jsem to dlouho c\u00edtil stejn\u011b - byla propaganda n\u011b\u010d\u00edm, o \u010dem jste se u\u010dili v hodin\u00e1ch d\u011bjepisu. T\u00e9ma, kter\u00e9 se zd\u00e1lo b\u00fdt pevn\u011b lokalizovan\u00e9: ve T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, mo\u017en\u00e1 i v NDR, tedy v jasn\u011b definovan\u00fdch autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch syst\u00e9mech. U\u010dili n\u00e1s, \u017ee propaganda tam existovala, proto\u017ee ji tyto syst\u00e9my pot\u0159ebovaly - a \u017ee v otev\u0159en\u00e9, demokratick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, jako byla Spolkov\u00e1 republika N\u011bmecko, nehr\u00e1la \u017e\u00e1dnou roli.<\/p>\n<p>Tento v\u00fdhled byl p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fd. A dlouho byl v\u011brohodn\u00fd. Proto\u017ee propaganda se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy projevovala jako n\u011bco samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9ho: jako slogan, jako plak\u00e1t, jako bojov\u00fd obraz. N\u011bco, co pozn\u00e1te, jakmile to uvid\u00edte - a od \u010deho se m\u016f\u017eete vnit\u0159n\u011b distancovat. Dnes se tato jistota zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt k\u0159ehk\u00e1. Ne proto, \u017ee by se lid\u00e9 n\u00e1hle zm\u011bnili, ale proto, \u017ee se zm\u011bnila forma vlivu. A pr\u00e1v\u011b proto stoj\u00ed za to si v klidu a bez roz\u010dilov\u00e1n\u00ed ujasnit, co vlastn\u011b propaganda je - a co nen\u00ed.<!--more--><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-210 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-210 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed ot\u00e1zky sou\u010dasnosti<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-210\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"die krimtataren &#8211; geschichte, herkunft und gegenwart eines vergessenen volkes\" data-id=\"4154\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/krymsti-tatari-historie-puvod-a-soucasnost-zapomenuteho-naroda\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Krym\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i - historie, p\u016fvod a sou\u010dasnost zapomenut\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Krymsko-tatarsk\u00e1 step\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/krymsti-tatari-historie-puvod-a-soucasnost-zapomenuteho-naroda\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Krym\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i - historie, p\u016fvod a sou\u010dasnost zapomenut\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"russland, nato und die angst vor dem krieg: was sich belegen l\u00e4sst &#8211; 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wie ki das telefon erobert und wie man sie erkennt\" data-id=\"5130\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft ki-systeme stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"datenschutz erfahrungen k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz prozesse\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/kdyz-jsem-telefonoval-s-robotem-jak-ki-ovlada-telefon-a-jak-ho-rozpoznat\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Kdy\u017e jsem telefonoval s robotem - jak um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence dob\u00fdv\u00e1 telefon a jak ji rozpoznat<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Telefonn\u00ed rozhovor s robotem s um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/kdyz-jsem-telefonoval-s-robotem-jak-ki-ovlada-telefon-a-jak-ho-rozpoznat\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kdy\u017e jsem telefonoval s robotem - jak um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence dob\u00fdv\u00e1 telefon a jak ji rozpoznat<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy k t\u00e9matu<\/h2>\n<p><strong>22.05.2026<\/strong>: Argument ve v\u010derej\u0161\u00edm <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdfheute.de\/politik\/ausland\/lanz-kiesewetter-vad-ukraine-krieg-russland-100.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Program: Markus Lanz<\/strong><\/a> mezi brig\u00e1dn\u00edm gener\u00e1lem ve v\u00fdslu\u017eb\u011b Erichem Vadem a politikem CDU Roderichem Kiesewetterem se soust\u0159edil na ot\u00e1zku, zda se N\u011bmecko svou podporou Ukrajiny st\u00e1le v\u00edce st\u00e1v\u00e1 potenci\u00e1ln\u00edm c\u00edlem vojensk\u00e9 eskalace. Jak <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bild.de\/politik\/inland\/eklat-bei-lanz-um-kriegs-warnung-kiesewetter-sie-machen-unseren-buergern-angst-6a0fa5b83b7096456ac7f0b9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>BILD v \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/strong><\/a> Vad nal\u00e9hav\u011b varoval Markuse Lanze p\u0159ed dal\u0161\u00ed eskalac\u00ed konfliktu a otev\u0159en\u011b hovo\u0159il o mo\u017en\u00fdch rusk\u00fdch odvetn\u00fdch \u00faderech na Evropu a N\u011bmecko. Kiesewetter s t\u00edm ost\u0159e nesouhlasil a obvinil Vada, \u017ee takov\u00fdmi v\u00fdroky vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 strach mezi obyvatelstvem. Diskuse nakonec p\u0159erostla v hlasitou v\u00fdm\u011bnu \u00fader\u016f o odstra\u0161en\u00ed, v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch rizic\u00edch, dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch zbran\u00ed a politick\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnosti N\u011bmecka. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 zde nen\u00ed ani tak to, kdo m\u00e1 \u201epravdu\u201c, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e to, jak emocion\u00e1ln\u011b a medi\u00e1ln\u011b nabit\u00e9 takov\u00e9 debaty jsou. Sc\u00e9na je p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak siln\u011b dnes komunikace v oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky kol\u00eds\u00e1 mezi varov\u00e1n\u00edm, mobilizac\u00ed, strachem, mor\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1tlakem a formov\u00e1n\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>26.04.2026<\/strong>Ned\u00e1vn\u00e1 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ka v\u00fdzkumn\u00edka propagandy Dr. Jonase T\u00f6gela vrh\u00e1 p\u016fsobiv\u00e9 sv\u011btlo na fungov\u00e1n\u00ed modern\u00ed propagandy v 21. stolet\u00ed. Ve sv\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ce <em>\u201eKa\u017ed\u00fd den s n\u00e1mi manipuluj\u00ed!\u201c<\/em> V S\u00edti kritick\u00fdch soudc\u016f a st\u00e1tn\u00edch z\u00e1stupc\u016f (KriSta) T\u00f6gel vysv\u011btluje pojem \u201em\u011bkk\u00e1 moc\u201c - schopnost c\u00edlen\u011b ovliv\u0148ovat lidi bez n\u00e1tlaku nebo n\u00e1sil\u00ed. Jde m\u00e9n\u011b o otev\u0159enou propagandu a v\u00edce o jemn\u00e9 ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1zor\u016f, emoc\u00ed a chov\u00e1n\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm m\u00e9di\u00ed, jazyka a psychologick\u00fdch mechanism\u016f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_ylUtMxtGoLI\"><div id=\"lyte_ylUtMxtGoLI\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FylUtMxtGoLI%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ylUtMxtGoLI\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FylUtMxtGoLI%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nKa\u017ed\u00fd den jsme manipulov\u00e1ni! - exkluzivn\u00ed p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ka Dr. Jonase T\u00f6gela na KriSta | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DrJonasToegel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Dr. Jonas T\u00f6gel<\/a><\/p>\n<p>T\u00f6gel ukazuje, \u017ee modern\u00ed komunikace se st\u00e1le v\u00edce vyzna\u010duje pojmy, r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00edm a c\u00edlen\u00fdmi narativy, kter\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed orientaci a usm\u011br\u0148uj\u00ed debaty. Tato forma \u201ekognitivn\u00ed v\u00e1lky\u201c je zam\u011b\u0159ena p\u0159\u00edmo na lidskou psychiku a podle T\u00f6gela se st\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm n\u00e1strojem v politick\u00fdch a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch sporech. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee ti, kdo se t\u011bmito mechanismy nezab\u00fdvaj\u00ed, riskuj\u00ed, \u017ee budou nev\u011bdom\u011b ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1ni. O to d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je kriticky zkoumat m\u00e9dia a vyu\u017e\u00edvat r\u016fzn\u00e9 zdroje.<\/p>\n<p><strong>03.04.2026<\/strong>N\u011bkolik feder\u00e1ln\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b pl\u00e1nuje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.heise.de\/news\/Transparenz-unter-Beschuss-Wie-Bundeslaender-das-Auskunftsrecht-aushoehlen-11242331.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Omezen\u00ed pr\u00e1va na informace a svobody informac\u00ed<\/strong><\/a>, co\u017e pozorovatel\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed za znepokojiv\u00fd trend. V\u00fdchodiskem je novela z\u00e1kona v Berl\u00edn\u011b, kter\u00e1 pod z\u00e1minkou ochrany kritick\u00e9 infrastruktury zavedla nov\u00e1 pravidla pro v\u00fdjimky. Ta se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed nejen oblast\u00ed souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s bezpe\u010dnost\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 odv\u011btv\u00ed, jako je doprava, energetika a finan\u010dnictv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_o7bkA8AhItU\"><div id=\"lyte_o7bkA8AhItU\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fo7bkA8AhItU%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/o7bkA8AhItU\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fo7bkA8AhItU%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nheiseshow: Mise na M\u011bs\u00edc, svoboda informac\u00ed, 50 let Apple | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@heise-ct\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">heise &amp; c't<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ostatn\u00ed st\u00e1ty je n\u00e1sleduj\u00ed: Ve \u0160lesvicku-Hol\u0161t\u00fdnsku budou nap\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b z povinnosti transparentnosti vy\u0148aty cel\u00e9 instituce, jako jsou spo\u0159itelny nebo obchodn\u00ed komory. Krom\u011b toho by mohly b\u00fdt omezeny anonymn\u00ed dotazy, co\u017e by odrazovalo zejm\u00e9na novin\u00e1\u0159e a oznamovatele. V Durynsku se pl\u00e1nuje omezen\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch povinnost\u00ed zve\u0159ej\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed, zat\u00edmco Meklenbursko-P\u0159edn\u00ed Pomo\u0159ansko chce dokonce pr\u00e1vo na informace v\u00e1zat na m\u00edsto bydli\u0161t\u011b. Kritici varuj\u00ed, \u017ee by se t\u00edm naru\u0161il z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip svobody informac\u00ed a oslabil z\u00e1klad pro informovanou ve\u0159ejnou diskusi.<\/p>\n<p><strong>17.03.2026<\/strong>B\u00fdval\u00fd gener\u00e1ln\u00ed inspektor n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil a b\u00fdval\u00fd nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vojensk\u00fd d\u016fstojn\u00edk NATO Harald Kujat ve sv\u00e9 ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ce kritizuje podle n\u011bj jednostrann\u00e9 zpravodajstv\u00ed v souvislosti s v\u00e1lkou na Ukrajin\u011b. Popisuje, \u017ee diplomatick\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed - jako nap\u0159\u00edklad d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed - jsou ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m narativu sotva zmi\u0148ov\u00e1na a \u017ee m\u00edsto toho p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 vojensk\u00fd narativ. Kujat hovo\u0159\u00ed o z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed diskurzu a zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee centr\u00e1ln\u00ed pozad\u00ed a alternativn\u00ed perspektivy jsou \u010dasto ignorov\u00e1ny. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k siln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu n\u00e1vratu k diplomacii a otev\u0159en\u00e9, pluralitn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b n\u00e1zor\u016f.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_k5z1E4SQ34M\"><div id=\"lyte_k5z1E4SQ34M\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fk5z1E4SQ34M%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/k5z1E4SQ34M\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fk5z1E4SQ34M%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nHarald Kujat: \u201eTak to d\u011bl\u00e1me my!\u201c - o jednostrann\u00e9m zpravodajstv\u00ed | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@IPPNWgermany\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">IPPNN\u011bmecko<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Video je p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak r\u016fzn\u011b lze interpretovat v\u00fdvoj bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky a jak siln\u011b je vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed konflikt\u016f ovlivn\u011bno tak\u00e9 medi\u00e1ln\u00edm r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00edm. Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/rusko-nato-a-strach-z-valky-co-lze-a-nelze-dokazat\/\"><strong>Kompletn\u00ed prezentace Haralda Kujata<\/strong><\/a> (1:19h) najdete v jin\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku v sekci novinky.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>P\u016fvod a p\u016fvodn\u00ed v\u00fdznam pojmu<\/h2>\n<p>Slovo \u201e<a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Propaganda\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Propaganda<\/a>\u201c je star\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e si mnoz\u00ed uv\u011bdomuj\u00ed. Poch\u00e1z\u00ed z latinsk\u00e9ho propagare - \u201e\u0161\u00ed\u0159it\u201c, \u201emno\u017eit\u201c, \u201erozmno\u017eovat\u201c.  P\u016fvodn\u011b byl tento term\u00edn hodnotov\u011b neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed. \u0160lo jednodu\u0161e o systematick\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed my\u0161lenek, n\u00e1zor\u016f nebo p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V 17. stolet\u00ed katolick\u00e1 c\u00edrkev zcela p\u0159irozen\u011b hovo\u0159ila o <em>Congregatio de Propaganda Fide<\/em> - \u201eKongregace pro \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u00edry\u201c. Nikdo to nech\u00e1pal jako podvod nebo manipulaci. \u0160lo o organizaci, dosah a dopad.<br \/>\nTeprve mnohem pozd\u011bji, zejm\u00e9na ve 20. stolet\u00ed, z\u00edskal tento pojem sv\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00e9 negativn\u00ed zabarven\u00ed. Ne proto, \u017ee by se zm\u011bnil n\u00e1stroj, ale proto, \u017ee se zviditelnily jeho d\u016fsledky.<\/p>\n<h3>Propaganda nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e co le\u017e<\/h3>\n<p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00fdm omylem je automatick\u00e9 ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed propagandy s nepravdou. To je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tkozrak\u00e9 - a tud\u00ed\u017e nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Propaganda:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>nemus\u00ed lh\u00e1t<\/li>\n<li>um\u00ed pracovat s pravdiv\u00fdmi fakty<\/li>\n<li>m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt v\u011bcn\u011b<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed nen\u00ed, zda je n\u011bco pravdiv\u00e9, ale k \u010demu se to pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Informace<\/strong> chce p\u0159ed\u00e1vat znalosti.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Odsouzen\u00ed<\/strong> chce argumentovat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Propaganda<\/strong> chce \u0159\u00eddit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vyb\u00edr\u00e1, zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, opakuje - a vynech\u00e1v\u00e1. Jej\u00ed s\u00edla \u010dasto nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, co je \u0159e\u010deno, ale v tom, co \u0159e\u010deno nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Rozli\u0161en\u00ed: informace, n\u00e1zor, propaganda<\/h3>\n<p>Pro rozpozn\u00e1n\u00ed propagandy je t\u0159eba jasn\u011b rozli\u0161ovat pojmy.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Informace<\/strong><br \/>\n- C\u00edl: Umo\u017enit porozum\u011bn\u00ed<br \/>\n- Charakteristika: Kontext, kategorizace, otev\u0159enost v\u016f\u010di rozpor\u016fm<\/li>\n<li><strong>N\u00e1zor<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; <\/strong>C\u00edl: reprezentovat pozici<br \/>\n<strong>&#8211; <\/strong>Charakteristika: subjektivn\u00ed, argumenta\u010dn\u00ed, rozpoznateln\u00fd \u00fahel pohledu<\/li>\n<li><strong>Propaganda<\/strong><br \/>\nC\u00edl: Kontrola chov\u00e1n\u00ed a postoj\u016f<br \/>\nCharakteristika: selektivn\u00ed, emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed, opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Alternativy jsou ignorov\u00e1ny nebo mor\u00e1ln\u011b diskreditov\u00e1ny Tyto p\u0159echody jsou plynul\u00e9. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to \u010din\u00ed propagandu \u00fa\u010dinnou - a obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b uchopitelnou.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d m\u011bla propaganda tak jasn\u00fd historick\u00fd dopad<\/h3>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se \u0159ekne propaganda, mnoho lid\u00ed si okam\u017eit\u011b vybav\u00ed obrazy z n\u00e1rodn\u00edho socialismu: obrovsk\u00e9 pochody, mo\u0159e vlajek, jednoduch\u00e1 hesla. Je to z\u0159ejm\u00e9, proto\u017ee propaganda se tam pou\u017e\u00edvala otev\u0159en\u011b a demonstrativn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>V N\u011bmecku 30. let 20. stolet\u00ed - za nacion\u00e1ln\u011b socialistick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu - byla propaganda viditeln\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem moci. Tot\u00e9\u017e platilo pozd\u011bji v N\u011bmeck\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 republice, i kdy\u017e v jin\u00e9 podob\u011b. Tyto syst\u00e9my m\u011bly dv\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9 v\u011bci:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Byly autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Nem\u011bli pot\u0159ebu b\u00fdt nen\u00e1padn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Propaganda tam byla hlasit\u00e1, jasn\u00e1 a nezam\u011bniteln\u00e1. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto bylo snadn\u00e9 ji jako takovou zp\u011btn\u011b rozpoznat - a vnit\u0159n\u011b se od n\u00ed distancovat.<\/p>\n<h3>Klamav\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br: \u201eTo nem\u00e1me\u201c<\/h3>\n<p>Tato historick\u00e1 zku\u0161enost vedla k v\u00fdznamn\u00e9mu my\u0161lenkov\u00e9mu proudu:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Propaganda je charakteristick\u00fdm znakem nedemokratick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/li>\n<li>Demokracie je naopak synonymem svobodn\u00fdch informac\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Probl\u00e9mem tohoto z\u00e1v\u011bru nen\u00ed jeho z\u00e1m\u011br, ale jeho zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed. Demokratick\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti se nez\u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed vlivu. Pouze m\u011bn\u00ed sv\u00e9 metody. Tam, kde chyb\u00ed zjevn\u00e9 donucovac\u00ed prost\u0159edky, nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed na v\u00fdznamu psychologick\u00e9 a komunika\u010dn\u00ed techniky. Propaganda nemiz\u00ed - p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje se.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d je tento term\u00edn dnes tak silnou obranou<\/h3>\n<p>Slovo \u201epropaganda\u201c dnes vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 reflexivn\u00ed odpor. M\u00e1lokdo s n\u00edm chce b\u00fdt spojov\u00e1n. Tento term\u00edn je vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako bojov\u00fd v\u00fdraz, nar\u00e1\u017eka, mor\u00e1ln\u00ed obu\u0161ek.<\/p>\n<p>To je pochopiteln\u00e9. A z\u00e1rove\u0148 problematick\u00e9. Proto\u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b tento obrann\u00fd postoj vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nebezpe\u010dnou iluzi:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Propaganda v\u017edy ovliv\u0148uje ostatn\u00ed.<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Kdo takto uva\u017euje, pova\u017euje se za imunn\u00edho - a p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, \u017ee modern\u00ed propaganda u\u017e nep\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed se zdvi\u017een\u00fdm ukazov\u00e1\u010dkem, ale s klidn\u00fdm hlasem, mor\u00e1ln\u00edm t\u00f3nem a zd\u00e1nlivou v\u011bcnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Propaganda nen\u00ed historick\u00fd p\u0159e\u017eitek. Je to n\u00e1stroj. A n\u00e1stroje nemiz\u00ed - jsou zdokonalov\u00e1ny. Jejich pochopen\u00ed nevy\u017eaduje ani rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed, ani ned\u016fv\u011bru ke v\u0161emu. Sta\u010d\u00ed st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd pohled, trocha odstupu - a ochota zpochyb\u0148ovat i v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 jsou \u00fadajn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b k tomu slou\u017e\u00ed tento text.<\/p>\n<h2>Propaganda je star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e modernita<\/h2>\n<p>Kdo ch\u00e1pe propagandu jen jako modern\u00ed fenom\u00e9n, m\u00e1 obvykle na mysli masov\u00e1 m\u00e9dia, rozhlas, plak\u00e1ty a pozd\u011bji televizi. To je pochopiteln\u00e9 - a p\u0159esto to nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u00e9. Podstata propagandy je star\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e jak\u00e9koli noviny: moc se mus\u00ed vysv\u011btlovat, ospravedl\u0148ovat a zviditel\u0148ovat. A mus\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dit lidi, aby ur\u010dit\u00e9 v\u011bci pova\u017eovali za samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Nejde jen o \u201evym\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed mozk\u016f\u201c v tom nejodv\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm slova smyslu. Mnohem \u010dast\u011bji jde o n\u011bco ti\u0161\u0161\u00edho: o legitimitu. Ti, kdo vl\u00e1dnou, pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed d\u016fvody. Ti, kdo cht\u011bj\u00ed v\u00e9st, pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed souhlas. A dokonce i ti, kdo cht\u011bj\u00ed v zemi jen m\u00edr, pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed narativ, kter\u00fd vytvo\u0159\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 propaganda v historick\u00e9m smyslu: jako systematick\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed interpretac\u00ed, obraz\u016f a p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh\u016f, kter\u00e9 usm\u011br\u0148uj\u00ed my\u0161len\u00ed lid\u00ed \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edm sm\u011brem - n\u011bkdy hrub\u011b, \u010dasto nen\u00e1padn\u011b, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy opakovan\u011b.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4234 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-Zeitverlauf.jpg\" alt=\"Propaganda v pr\u016fb\u011bhu \u010dasu\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-Zeitverlauf.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-Zeitverlauf-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-Zeitverlauf-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-Zeitverlauf-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Antika: mince, pam\u00e1tky a um\u011bn\u00ed sebedramatizace<\/h3>\n<p>Ve starov\u011bku byla propaganda nejen mo\u017en\u00e1, ale t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyhnuteln\u00e1. Ve velk\u00fdch \u0159\u00ed\u0161\u00edch v\u011bt\u0161ina obyvatelstva neznala panovn\u00edka osobn\u011b. Moc proto musela b\u00fdt viditeln\u00e1, aby byla vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako skute\u010dn\u00e1 a legitimn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Klasick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem je \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. C\u00edsa\u0159 nebyl pouhou hlavou vl\u00e1dy, ale symbolickou postavou. Musel se jevit jako v\u00edt\u011bz, vl\u00e1dce, \u201enaklon\u011bn\u00fd osudu\u201c. K tomuto \u00fa\u010delu se pou\u017e\u00edvala nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00e9dia t\u00e9 doby:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Mince<\/strong>Byly vyr\u00e1b\u011bny ve velk\u00e9m, pro\u0161ly v\u0161emi rukama a nesly portr\u00e9ty, tituly a poselstv\u00ed o v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Triumf\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fvody a pomn\u00edky<\/strong>Kdo vyhr\u00e1l v\u00e1lku, zinscenoval ji ve\u0159ejn\u011b. Nejen jako oslavu, ale i jako poselstv\u00ed: \u201eTento \u0159\u00e1d v\u00e1s chr\u00e1n\u00ed.\u201c<\/li>\n<li><strong>Budovy a sochy<\/strong>P\u0159\u00edtomnost v m\u011bstsk\u00e9 krajin\u011b byla politickou komunikac\u00ed - trvalou, neoddiskutovatelnou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Zar\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed je, \u017ee v\u011bt\u0161ina z nich nebyla \u201e\u0161patn\u00e1\u201c. Byla to interpretace. Vojensk\u00e1 moc se stala mor\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00fdznamnou. \u00dasp\u011bch se stal n\u00e1rokem. \u0158\u00e1d se stal nad\u0159azenost\u00ed. P\u0159esn\u011b tak funguje propaganda i dnes: bere skute\u010dn\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti a formuje je do ur\u010dit\u00e9ho sm\u011bru.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed a st\u0159edov\u011bk: Obrazy pro lidi bez p\u00edsma<\/h3>\n<p>Medi\u00e1ln\u00ed situace se ve st\u0159edov\u011bku zm\u011bnila. Mnoho lid\u00ed neum\u011blo \u010d\u00edst, ale vid\u011bli, sly\u0161eli a pozn\u00e1vali. D\u00edky tomu byl vizu\u00e1ln\u00ed jazyk obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd - a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 instituce to pochopily velmi brzy.<\/p>\n<p>To neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u201ec\u00edrkev\u201c praktikovala pouze propagandu. To by bylo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 jednoduch\u00e9 a neodpov\u00eddalo by to historick\u00e9 realit\u011b. Ale je to pravda: V dob\u011b omezen\u00e9 vzd\u011blanosti a mal\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f bylo samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9 stabilizovat v\u00edru a spole\u010densk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm obraz\u016f, ritu\u00e1l\u016f a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Kosteln\u00ed malby, fresky, vitr\u00e1\u017ee<\/strong>Teologie byla zviditeln\u011bna.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed a liturgie<\/strong>Pravideln\u00fdm opakov\u00e1n\u00edm se formoval pohled na sv\u011bt.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed svat\u00fdch, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, symboly<\/strong>Mor\u00e1lka a \u0159\u00e1d byly zakotveny emocion\u00e1ln\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed je, \u017ee ani v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ne\u0161lo prim\u00e1rn\u011b o \u201el\u017ei\u201c, ale o veden\u00ed. Byl nab\u00edzen pohled na sv\u011bt, kter\u00fd poskytoval orientaci - a z\u00e1rove\u0148 stanovoval hranice. Ti, kdo cht\u011bli pat\u0159it, tento pohled na sv\u011bt p\u0159ijali; ti, kdo ho odm\u00edtali, se rychle ocitli mimo.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u00e9to souvislosti je propaganda \u00fazce spojena s pot\u0159ebou stability. A tato pot\u0159eba nezmizela. Jen nabyla jin\u00fdch forem.<\/p>\n<h3>Ran\u00fd novov\u011bk: pamflety, reformace a po\u010d\u00e1tek masov\u00e9ho apelu<\/h3>\n<p>Tiska\u0159sk\u00fd lis v\u0161e zm\u011bnil. Poprv\u00e9 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 relativn\u011b rychle a levn\u011b \u0161\u00ed\u0159it zpr\u00e1vy ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed. To dalo vzniknout n\u011b\u010demu, co se pozd\u011bji stalo samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed: ve\u0159ejn\u00e9mu m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 a politick\u00e9 konflikty uk\u00e1zaly, jak \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 to m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt. Let\u00e1ky a pamflety byly \u010dasto p\u0159ehnan\u00e9, emotivn\u00ed a zjednodu\u0161en\u00e9. Jejich c\u00edlem nebylo rozli\u0161ovat, ale doj\u00edmat. T\u00f3n byl \u010dasto ostr\u00fd, \u017eiv\u00fd, n\u011bkdy polemick\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Je zde patrn\u00fd d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd vzorec: jakmile se komunika\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edek dostane do pov\u011bdom\u00ed, je vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n nejen ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 k mobilizaci. A mobilizace pot\u0159ebuje jednoduch\u00e1 sd\u011blen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V ran\u00e9m novov\u011bku tak do\u0161lo k ur\u010dit\u00e9mu p\u0159echodu od lok\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00e1zan\u00e9, symbolick\u00e9 propagandy ke standardizovan\u00fdm sd\u011blen\u00edm, kter\u00e1 bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159it. Lid\u00e9 na vesnici nyn\u00ed mohli dr\u017eet v rukou ti\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd v\u00fdklad - a z\u00edskat tak pocit, \u017ee jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho hnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Absolutismus a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed st\u00e1t: propaganda jako st\u00e1tnick\u00e9 d\u00edlo<\/h3>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce se st\u00e1ty centralizovaly, t\u00edm d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed byla ot\u00e1zka: jak udr\u017eet pohromad\u011b velk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, kde lid\u00e9 \u017eij\u00ed, mysl\u00ed a v\u011b\u0159\u00ed velmi odli\u0161n\u011b?<\/p>\n<p>V absolutismu hr\u00e1la \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli inscenace panovn\u00edka. Kr\u00e1l nebyl pouhou osobou, ale principem. Pal\u00e1ce, ceremoni\u00e1ly, tituly, uniformy - to v\u0161e bylo politickou komunikac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pozd\u011bji, se vznikem n\u00e1rodn\u00edho st\u00e1tu, byl u\u010din\u011bn dal\u0161\u00ed krok: legitimn\u00edm se musel jevit nejen vl\u00e1dce, ale tak\u00e9 \u201emy\u201c. N\u00e1rody nejsou p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed z\u00e1kony. Jsou to sd\u00edlen\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhy, podporovan\u00e9 symboly, jazykem, histori\u00ed a tradic\u00ed. Op\u011bt to nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt zlovoln\u00e9. M\u016f\u017ee to m\u00edt dokonce sjednocuj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek. Je to v\u0161ak n\u00e1stroj, kter\u00fd lze pou\u017e\u00edt ob\u011bma sm\u011bry. Ti, kdo definuj\u00ed, co jsme \u201emy\u201c, mohou tak\u00e9 definovat, kdo k n\u00e1m nepat\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4241 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-damals-heute.jpg\" alt=\"Propaganda ve 20. stolet\u00ed\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-damals-heute.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-damals-heute-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-damals-heute-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Propaganda-damals-heute-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>20. stolet\u00ed: Profesionalizace a industrializace vlivu<\/h3>\n<p>Ve 20. stolet\u00ed pak do\u0161lo k n\u011b\u010demu rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edmu: Propaganda se stala systematickou a v\u011bdeckou. U\u017e to nebyl jen pocit, u\u017e to nebyla jen inscenace - ale pl\u00e1novan\u00e1, m\u011b\u0159en\u00e1, odstup\u0148ovan\u00e1. Spojily se dva v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 trendy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Masm\u00e9dia<\/strong> (noviny, rozhlas, film, pozd\u011bji televize)<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hromadn\u00e1 psychologie<\/strong> (vliv reklamy, skupinov\u00e1 dynamika, emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed spou\u0161t\u011b\u010de)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V dob\u011b v\u00e1lky se uk\u00e1zalo, jak st\u00e1ty vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed komunikaci k z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed souhlasu, k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed ochoty p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et ob\u011bti a ke stabilizaci obrazu nep\u0159\u00edtele. Tuto \u010d\u00e1st zn\u00e1 mnoho lid\u00ed ze \u0161koly - a je to tak spr\u00e1vn\u011b. Koneckonc\u016f syst\u00e9my 20. stolet\u00ed uk\u00e1zaly, jak smrteln\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt propaganda, pokud se spoj\u00ed s n\u00e1stroji moci.<\/p>\n<p>To je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 past: pokud spojujeme propagandu pouze s totalitn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my, p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00edme druh\u00fd sm\u011br: rozvoj reklamy, PR a politick\u00e9 komunikace v otev\u0159en\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech. Tyto metody nebyly vynalezeny za \u00fa\u010delem potla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed. Byly vyvinuty, aby p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dovaly, prod\u00e1valy, z\u00edsk\u00e1valy. Mohou v\u0161ak b\u00fdt - a tak\u00e9 jsou - pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny k ovl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed v krizov\u00fdch situac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee propaganda nen\u00ed \u201ev\u0161ude\u201c a \u201ev\u017edy\u201c. Ale je mo\u017en\u00e1, a to zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd je mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00fd ne\u017e plak\u00e1t s heslem.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se pod\u00edv\u00e1te do historie, propaganda u\u017e nen\u00ed tak z\u00e1hadn\u00e1. Nejev\u00ed se pak jako \u00fachylka modernity, ale jako opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se prvek lidsk\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bohat\u00ed lid\u00e9 a zem\u011b pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed stabilitu.<\/li>\n<li>Stabilita pot\u0159ebuje v\u00fdklad.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdklady se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Distribuce je organizov\u00e1na.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska nen\u00ed propaganda v\u00fdjimkou - je to jen metoda, kter\u00e1 se v z\u00e1vislosti na dob\u011b r\u016fzn\u011b maskuje. A tady to za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed: proto\u017ee pokud byla propaganda v\u017edy sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed moci, pak z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou nen\u00ed, zda existuje, ale jak vypad\u00e1 dnes - a pro\u010d je dnes mnohem h\u016f\u0159e uchopiteln\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>To n\u00e1s p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u00ed k dal\u0161\u00ed kapitole: zm\u011bna z hlasit\u00e9ho hesla na tichou, mor\u00e1ln\u011b nabitou samoz\u0159ejmost.<\/p>\n<h3>D\u00e1lnice, pr\u00e1ce a m\u00fdty - historie propagandy<\/h3>\n<p>Toto video se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b vytrval\u00fdm tvrzen\u00edm: Adolf Hitler vybudov\u00e1n\u00edm d\u00e1lnice vytvo\u0159il pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta a p\u0159ekonal tak masovou nezam\u011bstnanost. Dlouhodobost takov\u00fdch tvrzen\u00ed ukazuje, jak \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt propaganda. Dokument uv\u00e1d\u00ed tento m\u00fdtus do historick\u00e9 perspektivy a objas\u0148uje, \u017ee projekty centr\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u00e1lnic byly pl\u00e1nov\u00e1ny ji\u017e p\u0159ed rokem 1933 a \u017ee pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed bylo \u010dasto zalo\u017eeno na nucen\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 ukazuje, pro\u010d byl projekt d\u00e1lnic p\u0159esto skv\u011bl\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem prezentace: jako symbol energie, pokroku a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 modernosti.<\/p>\n<p>Zam\u011b\u0159uje se na obdob\u00ed p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed 20. stolet\u00ed - od ran\u00fdch produkc\u00ed, jako je produkce asyrsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le A\u0161\u0161urbanipala, a\u017e po modern\u00ed formy subtiln\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed. \u00dast\u0159edn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1: pozn\u00e1me dnes l\u00e9pe propagandu - nebo jen jej\u00ed star\u00e9 formy?<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_4Szpz7a2RqU\"><div id=\"lyte_4Szpz7a2RqU\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F4Szpz7a2RqU%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/4Szpz7a2RqU\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F4Szpz7a2RqU%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nVynalezl Hitler d\u00e1lnici? | Je pravda, \u017ee...? | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ARTEde\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ARTE<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Prom\u011bna propagandy: od slogan\u016f k r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Pokud zn\u00e1te propagandu z u\u010debnic d\u011bjepisu, pak ji obvykle pozn\u00e1te v jej\u00ed \u201eklasick\u00e9\u201c podob\u011b: velk\u00e1, viditeln\u00e1, n\u011bkdy hrub\u00e1. Plak\u00e1ty s jasn\u00fdm poselstv\u00edm. Hesla, kter\u00e1 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt zapamatovateln\u00e1. Obr\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 nenech\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky bez odpov\u011bdi. Obrazy nep\u0159\u00edtele, kter\u00e9 jsou co nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed. A hrdinsk\u00e9 postavy, kter\u00e9 vypadaj\u00ed co nejv\u00edce v nad\u017eivotn\u00ed velikosti.<\/p>\n<p>Tato forma m\u011bla jednu v\u00fdhodu - alespo\u0148 pro pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho pozorovatele: byla snadno rozpoznateln\u00e1. I kdy\u017e jste v t\u00e9 dob\u011b \u017eili uprost\u0159ed n\u00ed, byla \u010dasto tak z\u0159ejm\u00e1, \u017ee ji lze p\u0159i zp\u011btn\u00e9m pohledu jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed pop\u0159\u00edt. To je tak\u00e9 d\u016fvod, pro\u010d si mnoz\u00ed lid\u00e9 dodnes spojuj\u00ed propagandu s ur\u010dit\u00fdm \u201evzhledem\u201c: s hesly, vlajkami, pochodovou hudbou a \u00fadernou dramatizac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Ale pr\u00e1v\u011b tato my\u0161lenka je dnes kamenem \u00farazu. Kdy\u017e se toti\u017e propaganda stane modern\u00ed, zmiz\u00ed z n\u00ed nejprve to, co je na n\u00ed tak snadno rozpoznateln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Dnes: tich\u00fd, mor\u00e1ln\u00ed, \u201esamoz\u0159ejm\u00fd\u201c<\/h3>\n<p>Modern\u00ed propaganda se z\u0159\u00eddkakdy objevuje jako p\u0159\u00edkaz. Ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1: <em>\u201eMus\u00ed\u0161.\u201c<\/em> Sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edk\u00e1:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201eTo je samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9.\u201c<\/em> Nebo:<br \/>\n<em>\u201eNa tom panuje shoda.\u201c<\/em> Nebo:<br \/>\n<em>\u201eKa\u017ed\u00fd slu\u0161n\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk to tak vid\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>To je jemn\u00fd, ale rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed rozd\u00edl. Nejde ji\u017e o otev\u0159enou indoktrinaci, ale o standardizaci. Nejste k tomu p\u0159\u00edmo nuceni, ale dost\u00e1v\u00e1te se do ment\u00e1ln\u00edho prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e se ur\u010dit\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9 - a jin\u00e9 se najednou zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt \u201edivn\u00e9\u201c nebo \u201enevysloviteln\u00e9\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>\u010casto ani nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, kdo p\u0159esn\u011b \u201epropaguje\u201c. Modern\u00ed propaganda toti\u017e nen\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159ena pouze \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm ministrem propagandy. Je tak\u00e9 v\u00fdsledkem souhry medi\u00e1ln\u00ed logiky, politick\u00e9 komunikace, aktivismu, PR strategi\u00ed, tlaku okol\u00ed a prost\u00e9ho faktu, \u017ee pozornost je dnes vz\u00e1cn\u00fdm zdrojem.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem je jak\u00fdsi nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00fd proud soud\u016f, kategorizac\u00ed a emocion\u00e1ln\u00edch ozna\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 \u010dasem p\u016fsob\u00ed jako realita - ne proto, \u017ee by byly v\u017edy \u0161patn\u00e9, ale proto\u017ee se v nich spojuje neust\u00e1l\u00e9 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed s mor\u00e1ln\u00edm n\u00e1bojem.<\/p>\n<h3>Term\u00edn miz\u00ed - technologie z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed charakteristikou modern\u00ed propagandy je, \u017ee se vyh\u00fdb\u00e1 sv\u00e9mu vlastn\u00edmu jm\u00e9nu. Nikdo nerad \u0159\u00edk\u00e1: \u201eJ\u00e1 d\u011bl\u00e1m propagandu.\u201c Tento term\u00edn m\u00e1 \u0161patnou pov\u011bst, a to pochopiteln\u011b. M\u00edsto toho se dnes v\u011bci \u010dasto naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed jinak:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201eKomunikace\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201eStrategie\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201eVypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201ePostoj\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201eSenzibilizace\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201eKontrola fakt\u016f\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201eOmezen\u00ed \u0161kod\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>\u201eBudov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tyto podm\u00ednky mohou b\u00fdt zcela legitimn\u00ed. Mohou v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 slou\u017eit jako kamufl\u00e1\u017e. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed nen\u00ed slovo, ale funkce: Jsou fakta prezentov\u00e1na tak, aby na konci vyplynul po\u017eadovan\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br - bez ohledu na to, zda jsou alternativy uk\u00e1z\u00e1ny spravedliv\u011b?<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je t\u00e9ma pod\u00e1no tak, \u017ee \u010dten\u00e1\u0159 nakonec c\u00edt\u00ed hodn\u011b, ale je jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed schopen rozli\u0161ovat, pak je tato metoda p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm propagandistick\u00e1 - i kdy\u017e jednotliv\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt sama o sob\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h3>Od \u201ep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c k \u201er\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c: R\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed jako z\u00e1kladn\u00ed princip<\/h3>\n<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm pojmem pro zm\u011bnu je \u201ezar\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed\u201c. Co se t\u00edm mysl\u00ed? Nejen\u017ee diskutujete o obsahu, ale tak\u00e9 stanovujete r\u00e1mec, v n\u011bm\u017e je tento obsah hodnocen. R\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed je jako br\u00fdle. Rozhoduje o tom, co je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, co je nepodstatn\u00e9, co se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt mor\u00e1ln\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a co nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Ten, kdo stanov\u00ed r\u00e1mec, \u010dasto vyhr\u00e1v\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e v\u016fbec dojde k diskusi. Typick\u00e9 charakteristiky takov\u00fdch r\u00e1m\u016f:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>mor\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1lepky<\/strong>dobr\u00fd \/ \u0161patn\u00fd, rozumn\u00fd \/ nerozumn\u00fd<\/li>\n<li><strong>implicitn\u00ed nedostatek alternativ<\/strong>: <em>\u201eNen\u00ed na v\u00fdb\u011br\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<li><strong>Norm\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak<\/strong>: <em>\u201eTak se to dnes d\u011bl\u00e1\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uv\u011bdom\u00edte si, \u017ee tohle u\u017e nen\u00ed ta propaganda, kterou si pamatujete ze t\u0159\u00eddy. Nevypad\u00e1 to ani tak jako ozn\u00e1men\u00ed, jako sp\u00ed\u0161 jako nepsan\u00e9 pravidlo.<\/p>\n<h3>Volba m\u00edsto vynal\u00e9z\u00e1n\u00ed: elegantn\u00ed forma \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bnou je asi toto: modern\u00ed propaganda si m\u00e1lokdy mus\u00ed n\u011bco vym\u00fd\u0161let. M\u00edsto toho si m\u016f\u017ee vybrat.<br \/>\nJe to \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e si mnoz\u00ed mysl\u00ed. Proto\u017ee:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pokud l\u017eete, m\u016f\u017eete b\u00fdt odhaleni.<\/li>\n<li>Pokud chcete, m\u016f\u017eete v\u017edy \u0159\u00edct: <em>\u201ePodali jsme hl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00da\u010dinek v\u0161ak nevych\u00e1z\u00ed z jednotliv\u00fdch fakt\u016f, ale z obrazu, kter\u00fd z\u016fstane na konci. Pokud ukazujete jen ur\u010dit\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady, zd\u016fraz\u0148ujete ur\u010dit\u00e9 postavy, neust\u00e1le ukazujete ur\u010dit\u00e9 hlasy a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9, pak vznik\u00e1 realita, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z re\u00e1ln\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed, ale je usm\u011brn\u011bn\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m celkov\u00e9m vyzn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Je to jako s fotografi\u00ed: nem\u016f\u017eete n\u011bkoho obvinit ze \u201el\u017ei\u201c, proto\u017ee fotografie je skute\u010dn\u00e1. Ale ur\u010dit\u011b se m\u016f\u017eete pt\u00e1t: Pro\u010d byl vybr\u00e1n pr\u00e1v\u011b tento detail - a ne jin\u00fd?<\/p>\n<h3>Nov\u00e1 rychlost: propaganda v nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9m provozu<\/h3>\n<p>V minulosti propaganda \u010dasto prob\u00edhala v jasn\u00fdch kampan\u00edch. Dnes je to sp\u00ed\u0161e neust\u00e1l\u00fd \u0161um. Ne nutn\u011b pl\u00e1novan\u00e1, ale struktur\u00e1ln\u011b up\u0159ednost\u0148ovan\u00e1.<br \/>\nJedn\u00edm z d\u016fvod\u016f je dne\u0161n\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomika: pozornost je odm\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1na. Emoce p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed dosah. P\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed kliknut\u00ed. Diferenciace \u010dasto p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b. To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed syst\u00e9m, v n\u011bm\u017e struktur\u00e1ln\u011b v\u00edt\u011bz\u00ed siln\u00e9 emoce:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed se snadno sd\u00edl\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Strach pout\u00e1 pozornost.<\/li>\n<li>Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed nad\u0159azenost vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed skupinov\u00fd pocit.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokud se to stane normou, nikdo nebude muset v\u011bdom\u011b \u201ed\u011blat propagandu\u201c. Syst\u00e9m to bude \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b d\u011blat s\u00e1m - proto\u017ee zv\u00fdhod\u0148uje ty, kte\u0159\u00ed to nejv\u00edce p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka: tich\u00e9 \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pomoc\u00ed algoritm\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>Tato modern\u00ed forma zahrnuje tak\u00e9 historicky nov\u00fd faktor, kter\u00fd by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt podce\u0148ov\u00e1n: algoritmick\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br. To, co dnes lid\u00e9 vid\u00ed, \u010dtou a vn\u00edmaj\u00ed, ji\u017e nevytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed pouze redakto\u0159i nebo v\u011bdom\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed, ale st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji doporu\u010dovac\u00ed syst\u00e9my: Co se zobrazuje v\u00fdrazn\u011b, co miz\u00ed, co se opakuje, co se sotva p\u0159ehraje?<\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o formu tich\u00e9 kontroly, kter\u00e1 nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b \u201epropagandou\u201c v klasick\u00e9m slova smyslu, ale m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt podobn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, proto\u017ee strukturuje vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Ten, kdo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u00fdb\u011br, nep\u0159\u00edmo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 i to, jak\u00e1 realita se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v mysli.<\/p>\n<p>To je samo o sob\u011b velk\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 vedlej\u0161\u00ed, ale d\u016fle\u017eitou pozn\u00e1mkou. Proto\u017ee jestli\u017ee d\u0159\u00edve propaganda p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm formovala sd\u011blen\u00ed, dnes \u010dasto formuje p\u0159\u00edstup ke sd\u011blen\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u016fb\u011b\u017en\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br: Propaganda nezmizela - jen se zlep\u0161ila<\/h3>\n<p>Jakmile tuto zm\u011bnu pochop\u00edte, objev\u00ed se st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd obraz:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Propaganda u\u017e nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt nutn\u011b hlasit\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li>Nemus\u00ed lh\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<li>Dok\u00e1\u017ee se mor\u00e1ln\u011b maskovat.<\/li>\n<li>Pracuje s v\u00fdb\u011brem, opakov\u00e1n\u00edm a r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li>Modern\u00ed medi\u00e1ln\u00ed logika a algoritmy ji up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d m\u00e1 dnes mnoho lid\u00ed pocit, \u017ee \u201en\u011bco u\u017e nen\u00ed v po\u0159\u00e1dku\u201c, ani\u017e by to dok\u00e1zali okam\u017eit\u011b pojmenovat. Lid\u00e9 hledaj\u00ed plak\u00e1ty, hesla a otev\u0159en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edkazy - a p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed nov\u00e9 formy: t\u00f3n hlasu, r\u00e1mec, mor\u00e1ln\u00ed obal a systematick\u00e9 opakov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed kapitola se tedy ji\u017e net\u00fdk\u00e1 pouze zm\u011bny, ale mechaniky: Jak\u00e9 opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se vzorce zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee propaganda funguje tak spolehliv\u011b - bez ohledu na t\u00e9ma a bez ohledu na to, kdo ji pr\u00e1v\u011b pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1?<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum d\u016fv\u011bry v politiku<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"69133e5edea6c516c91337a35a164647\" data-pid=\"5130\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\"\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"7405205876\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"1\" data-uid=\"4a7ad12220d3cd8ba13374a110c6150e\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"1\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">Jakou d\u016fv\u011bru m\u00e1te v politiku a m\u00e9dia v N\u011bmecku?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"12\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[1]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[1]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"1\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Velmi vysok\u00e1 - pln\u011b d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uji ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm org\u00e1n\u016fm<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"2\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"29\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[2]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[2]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"2\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">St\u0159edn\u00ed - Jsem opatrn\u00fd, ale ne z\u00e1sadn\u011b podez\u0159\u00edvav\u00fd.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"3\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"58\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[3]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[3]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"3\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">N\u00edzk\u00e1 - mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed si kontroluji s\u00e1m<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"4\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"261\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[4]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[4]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"4\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed - domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 je zast\u0159en\u00e9 nebo zinscenovan\u00e9.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#1636f0; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Hlasujte na<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"cs\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Jak funguje propaganda (stejn\u00e9 mechanismy)<\/h2>\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z nejstar\u0161\u00edch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch mechanism\u016f propagandy je opakov\u00e1n\u00ed. Zd\u00e1 se ban\u00e1ln\u00ed - a pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jeho s\u00edla. To, co \u010dasto sly\u0161\u00edme, se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt zn\u00e1m\u00e9. A co se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt zn\u00e1m\u00e9, je snadn\u011bji p\u0159ijateln\u00e9, i kdy\u017e to nikdy nebylo skute\u010dn\u011b vyzkou\u0161eno.<\/p>\n<p>Lidsk\u00e1 mysl funguje ekonomicky. \u010casto si cen\u00ed zn\u00e1mosti jako jistoty. Prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se objevuj\u00ed opakovan\u011b - v trochu jin\u00e9 podob\u011b, z r\u016fzn\u00fdch sm\u011br\u016f, r\u016fzn\u00fdmi kan\u00e1ly -, tak z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed na v\u00e1ze. Ne proto, \u017ee by byla l\u00e9pe podlo\u017een\u00e1, ale proto\u017ee jsou p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1. Propaganda tohoto efektu c\u00edlen\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Teze nen\u00ed ani siln\u011b prok\u00e1z\u00e1na, ale <strong>mnohokr\u00e1t jemn\u011b opakovan\u00e9<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>R\u016fzn\u00ed \u0159e\u010dn\u00edci \u0159\u00edkaj\u00ed <strong>obdobn\u011b tot\u00e9\u017e<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>Pochybnosti n\u011bkdy vypadaj\u00ed jako <strong>Poruchy<\/strong> zaveden\u00e9ho \u201e\u0161umu v pozad\u00ed\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dojem konsensu, i kdy\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti nemus\u00ed existovat. Opakov\u00e1n\u00ed nahrazuje diskusi.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdb\u011br je mocn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vyn\u00e1lez<\/h3>\n<p>\u010cast\u00fdm omylem je, \u017ee propaganda je nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, kdy\u017e \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed nepravdiv\u00e9 informace. V praxi to \u010dasto nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 - a \u010dasto je to dokonce kontraproduktivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u00da\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed metodou je v\u00fdb\u011br. Ten, kdo rozhoduje o tom, kter\u00e9 informace se zviditeln\u00ed, nep\u0159\u00edmo rozhoduje tak\u00e9 o tom, kter\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry budou navr\u017eeny. Pokud jsou n\u011bkter\u00e9 aspekty neust\u00e1le zd\u016fraz\u0148ov\u00e1ny a jin\u00e9 se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neobjevuj\u00ed, vznik\u00e1 obraz, kter\u00fd p\u016fsob\u00ed p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b - i kdy\u017e je ne\u00fapln\u00fd. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem je zde<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00e1 informace m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt spr\u00e1vn\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li>Celkov\u00fd obraz v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zkreslen\u00fd.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Propaganda zde pracuje jako kur\u00e1tor, nikoliv jako pad\u011blatel. Vystavuje, aran\u017euje, r\u00e1muje - a nech\u00e1v\u00e1 na div\u00e1kovi, aby si s\u00e1m ud\u011blal po\u017eadovan\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br. Je to obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9, proto\u017ee v\u011b\u0159\u00edte, \u017ee jste k n\u011bmu dosp\u011bli sami.<\/p>\n<h3>Emoce p\u0159ed rozumem<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem je c\u00edlen\u00fd apel na emoce. Lid\u00e9 se m\u00e1lokdy rozhoduj\u00ed \u010dist\u011b racion\u00e1ln\u011b - a propaganda toho d\u016fsledn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. Je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Strach<\/strong>Zu\u017euje pohled a zvy\u0161uje ochotu n\u00e1sledovat autoritu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed<\/strong>Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tlak vrstevn\u00edk\u016f a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed jednozna\u010dnost.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vina<\/strong>Usm\u011br\u0148uje chov\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by zjevn\u011b p\u0159ikazoval.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed nad\u0159azenost<\/strong>Stabilizuje soun\u00e1le\u017eitost a identitu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Emoce maj\u00ed dvoj\u00ed funkci. V\u00e1znou pozornost - a sni\u017euj\u00ed ochotu sn\u00e1\u0161et slo\u017eit\u00e9 souvislosti. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou siln\u011b emocion\u00e1ln\u011b anga\u017eovan\u00ed, se m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto ptaj\u00ed na detaily, alternativy nebo dlouhodob\u00e9 d\u016fsledky.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00edlem propagandy tedy nen\u00ed prim\u00e1rn\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dovat, ale vytv\u00e1\u0159et n\u00e1ladu. Jakmile je n\u00e1lada vytvo\u0159ena, mnoho argument\u016f je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 automaticky pod\u0159\u00edzeno.<\/p>\n<h3>Polarizace a zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Slo\u017eit\u00e1 realita se obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b sd\u011bluje. Je vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed, rozporupln\u00e1 a m\u00e1lokdy jednozna\u010dn\u00e1. Propaganda \u0159e\u0161\u00ed tento probl\u00e9m t\u00edm, \u017ee sni\u017euje slo\u017eitost. Obvykle se tak d\u011bje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm polarizace:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Tady dobr\u00e9, tam \u0161patn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li>Rozum sem, nezodpov\u011bdnost tam.<\/li>\n<li>Tady pokrok, tam zaostalost.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Takov\u00e9 kontrasty jsou z\u0159\u00eddkakdy zcela chybn\u00e9 - ale t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hrub\u00e9. Skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed odst\u00edny \u0161edi a \u010din\u00ed diferencovan\u00e9 pozice podez\u0159el\u00fdmi. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo nestoj\u00ed jednozna\u010dn\u011b na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b, je rychle pova\u017eov\u00e1n za nerozhodn\u00e9ho, naivn\u00edho nebo neloaj\u00e1ln\u00edho.<\/p>\n<p>To je ide\u00e1ln\u00ed pro propagandu. Proto\u017ee tam, kde jsou jen dva t\u00e1bory, je jak\u00e1koli kritika automaticky p\u0159ips\u00e1na \u201edruh\u00e9mu\u201c. To \u0161et\u0159\u00ed argumenty a stabilizuje vlastn\u00ed narativ.<\/p>\n<h3>Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1tlak nam\u00edsto otev\u0159en\u00e9ho donucov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z charakteristick\u00fdch znak\u016f modern\u00ed propagandy je z\u0159eknut\u00ed se otev\u0159en\u00e9ho n\u00e1tlaku. M\u00edsto toho se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1tlak.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Zpr\u00e1va je z\u0159\u00eddkakdy: <em>\u201eMus\u00ed\u0161 to ud\u011blat.\u201c<\/em><br \/>\nJe to sp\u00ed\u0161e: <em>\u201eSlu\u0161n\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk by to ud\u011blal.\u201c<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Jedn\u00e1 se o jemn\u00fd, ale \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd rozd\u00edl. Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak toti\u017e p\u016fsob\u00ed zevnit\u0159. Lid\u00e9 cht\u011bj\u00ed zapadnout, nevy\u010dn\u00edvat, neb\u00fdt vn\u00edm\u00e1ni jako m\u00e1lo solid\u00e1rn\u00ed. Propaganda vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 t\u00e9to spole\u010densk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby t\u00edm, \u017ee mor\u00e1ln\u011b zat\u011b\u017euje postoje. Typick\u00e9 charakteristiky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nesouhlasn\u00e9 n\u00e1zory nejsou objektivn\u011b kritizov\u00e1ny, ale mor\u00e1ln\u011b posuzov\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<li>Pochybnosti jsou spojeny s ot\u00e1zkami charakteru.<\/li>\n<li>Diskuse je nahrazena postojem.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>T\u00edm se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed konformita, ani\u017e by k tomu musel b\u00fdt n\u011bkdo otev\u0159en\u011b nucen.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00da\u0159ady a zd\u00e1n\u00ed jednoty<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm stabiln\u00edm mechanismem je odkaz na autority a odborn\u00edky. To m\u00e1 v z\u00e1sad\u011b smysl - nikdo si nem\u016f\u017ee v\u0161e ov\u011b\u0159it s\u00e1m. Propaganda v\u0161ak tento skok v\u00edry c\u00edlen\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1. Problematick\u00fdm se st\u00e1v\u00e1 tehdy, kdy\u017e:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>org\u00e1ny jsou vyb\u00edr\u00e1ny selektivn\u011b.<\/li>\n<li>Odchyluj\u00edc\u00ed se odborn\u00edci jsou sotva viditeln\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Tvrd\u00ed se o jednot\u011b tam, kde ve skute\u010dnosti prob\u00edh\u00e1 diskuse.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V\u011bta <em>\u201eOdborn\u00edci jsou zajedno\u201c<\/em> m\u00e1 siln\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek - zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e se neobjev\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nesouhlasn\u00e9 hlasy. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159 \u010di div\u00e1k tak m\u00e1 pocit, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00ed \u00favahy jsou zbyte\u010dn\u00e9. Propaganda zde neprosp\u00edv\u00e1 technickou hloubkou, ale symbolickou autoritou.<\/p>\n<h3>\u010casov\u00fd tlak a nedostatek alternativ<\/h3>\n<p>Propaganda r\u00e1da pracuje s nal\u00e9havost\u00ed. Kdy\u017e jsou rozhodnut\u00ed prezentov\u00e1na jako \u010dasov\u011b kritick\u00e1, ochota k p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed kles\u00e1. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee mus\u00ed jednat okam\u017eit\u011b, si kladou m\u00e9n\u011b ot\u00e1zek.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e1le je tu koncept nedostatku alternativ. Z n\u011bj vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee diskuse je sice teoreticky mo\u017en\u00e1, ale prakticky nem\u00e1 smysl. To uleh\u010duje - a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zneji\u0161\u0165uje.<\/p>\n<p>\u010casov\u00fd tlak a nedostatek alternativ jsou mocn\u00fdmi n\u00e1stroji, proto\u017ee jako by zbavovaly odpov\u011bdnosti: Pokud nem\u00e1te na v\u00fdb\u011br, nemus\u00edte se ji\u017e rozhodovat.<\/p>\n<h3>Souhra mechanism\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee tyto mechanismy m\u00e1lokdy funguj\u00ed izolovan\u011b. Jejich s\u00edla se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm interakce.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Opakov\u00e1n\u00ed zvy\u0161uje v\u00fdb\u011br.<\/li>\n<li>Emoce posiluj\u00ed polarizaci.<\/li>\n<li>Mor\u00e1ln\u00ed tlak posiluje konformitu.<\/li>\n<li>Autorita posiluje nedostatek alternativ.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce t\u011bchto prvk\u016f se spoj\u00ed, t\u00edm stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je propagandistick\u00fd efekt - i kdy\u017e jednotliv\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed mohou b\u00fdt zpochybn\u011bna. Syst\u00e9m se udr\u017euje s\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>Propaganda nefunguje, proto\u017ee lid\u00e9 jsou hloup\u00ed nebo d\u016fv\u011b\u0159iv\u00ed. Funguje proto, \u017ee vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 lidsk\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed: pot\u0159eby orientace, soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti, bezpe\u010d\u00ed a smyslu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je tak \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 - a pr\u00e1v\u011b proto nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 lokalizovat ji pouze na \u201ety druh\u00e9\u201c. Pokud chcete pochopit propagandu, mus\u00edte ji ch\u00e1pat jako techniku, nikoli jako mor\u00e1ln\u00ed selh\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Teorie her, mor\u00e1lka a \u010derven\u00e9 linie - analytick\u00fd pohled Christiana Riecka<\/h3>\n<p>Christian Rieck v tomto videu p\u0159istupuje k ot\u00e1zce, zda je \u010dlov\u011bk na \u201espr\u00e1vn\u00e9 stran\u011b\u201c, s neobvykle jasn\u00fdm rozli\u0161en\u00edm: mezi form\u00e1ln\u00ed konzistenc\u00ed a v\u011bcn\u00fdmi hranicemi. Form\u00e1ln\u011b jde o to, zda lze mor\u00e1ln\u00ed postoje zobecnit nebo aplikovat libovoln\u011b - co\u017e je my\u0161lenka, kter\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edmo souvis\u00ed s Kantov\u00fdm kategorick\u00fdm imperativem a kterou lze testovat z hlediska teorie her.<\/p>\n<p>Rieck z\u00e1rove\u0148 jasn\u011b \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee za t\u011bmito kontrolami konzistence existuj\u00ed \u010derven\u00e9 linie, o kter\u00fdch nelze vyjedn\u00e1vat. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo ospravedl\u0148uje teror, vra\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed nebo dehumanizaci, opou\u0161t\u00ed oblast racion\u00e1ln\u00ed debaty. Video tak p\u016fsobiv\u011b ukazuje, jak propaganda, r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed a kognitivn\u00ed disonance mohou naru\u0161it mor\u00e1ln\u00ed soudy - a pro\u010d pouh\u00e1 form\u00e1ln\u00ed logika nem\u016f\u017ee nahradit lidskost.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_Lza5zj8RQ48\"><div id=\"lyte_Lza5zj8RQ48\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FLza5zj8RQ48%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/Lza5zj8RQ48\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FLza5zj8RQ48%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nVra\u017eda, v\u00e1lka, teror: stoj\u00edte na spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 stran\u011b? | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ProfRieck\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Prof. Dr. Christian Rieck<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Jak rozpoznat propagandu (ani\u017e byste se stali paranoidn\u00edmi)<\/h2>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se za\u010dne zab\u00fdvat propagandou, m\u00e1 \u010dasto typickou zku\u0161enost: najednou v\u0161ude vid\u00edte vzory. To je lidsk\u00e9. Jakmile se mozek nau\u010d\u00ed nov\u00fd vzorec, rozpozn\u00e1 ho v mnoha situac\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p>Ale pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 nebezpe\u010d\u00ed. Pokud si v\u0161e vykl\u00e1d\u00e1te jako propagandu, rychle se dostanete do stavu permanentn\u00ed ned\u016fv\u011bry. To je nejen vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 nemoudr\u00e9 - proto\u017ee to zaslepuje skute\u010dn\u00e9 rozd\u00edly. Proto se vyplat\u00ed dr\u017eet se klidn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladn\u00edho pravidla:<\/p>\n<p>Propaganda je metoda, nikoli b\u011b\u017en\u00e1 forma komunikace. Ano, existuje manipulace. Je to PR, ano. Existuj\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u00ed kampan\u011b, ano. Ale existuje tak\u00e9 seri\u00f3zn\u00ed \u017eurnalistika, v\u011bcn\u00e9 informace a poctiv\u00e1 debata. Ti, kdo tyto rozd\u00edly p\u0159est\u00e1vaj\u00ed rozpozn\u00e1vat, se nest\u00e1vaj\u00ed \u201eostra\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi\u201c, ale pouze nerv\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi.<\/p>\n<p>\u00da\u010delem t\u00e9to kapitoly proto nen\u00ed hledat v\u0161ude nep\u0159\u00e1tele. Sp\u00ed\u0161e: stabilizovat vlastn\u00ed schopnost \u00fasudku, ani\u017e byste sv\u011bt d\u011blili na \u010dern\u00fd a b\u00edl\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h3>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm varovn\u00fdm sign\u00e1lem je m\u00e1lokdy obsah, ale zvuk.<\/h3>\n<p>V modern\u00edch spole\u010dnostech je propaganda \u010dasto n\u00e1padn\u00e1 ne pro sv\u00e9 zjevn\u00e9 nepravdy, ale pro sv\u016fj t\u00f3n hlasu. \u010casto zn\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e jako samoz\u0159ejmost ne\u017e jako argument. Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost v\u011bnujte formulac\u00edm, kter\u00e9 diskusi potla\u010duj\u00ed ji\u017e v z\u00e1rodku:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201eTo je jasn\u00e9.\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eO tom nen\u00ed sporu.\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eKdo tomu nerozum\u00ed, m\u00e1...\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eTo mluv\u00ed za v\u0161e.\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eNyn\u00ed mus\u00edte...\u201c<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Takov\u00e9 v\u011bty funguj\u00ed jako zkratky. U\u0161et\u0159\u00ed cestu p\u0159es zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed a nahrad\u00ed ji soci\u00e1ln\u00edmi nebo mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi ukazateli. Nejde pak ani tak o to n\u011bco vysv\u011btlit, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e stanovit r\u00e1mec: Tady je \u201erozumn\u00fd\u201c postoj - a tady je oblast, kde v\u00e1s v prvn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b neberou v\u00e1\u017en\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd siln\u00fd t\u00f3n je propaganda. Ale jakmile zvuk nahrad\u00ed argument, stoj\u00ed za to mu v\u011bnovat pozornost.<\/p>\n<h3>Absolutismus a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1lepky: Kdy\u017e se jazyk st\u00e1v\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u00fazk\u00fdm<\/h3>\n<p>Klasick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem je z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed jazyka. Propaganda miluje absolutismy, proto\u017ee zmen\u0161uj\u00ed prostor pro my\u0161len\u00ed. Typick\u00fdmi formami jsou nap\u0159:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v\u017edy \/ nikdy<\/li>\n<li>v\u0161ichni \/ nikdo<\/li>\n<li>\u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 alternativa<\/li>\n<li>p\u0159ehledn\u011b<\/li>\n<li>Prok\u00e1zan\u00e9 (bez jasn\u00fdch d\u016fkaz\u016f)<\/li>\n<li>\u201ejen tak\u201c \/ \u201ejen kdo\u201c<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho existuj\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1lepky, kter\u00e9 sp\u00ed\u0161e klasifikuj\u00ed ne\u017e vysv\u011btluj\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dobro \/ zlo<\/li>\n<li>zodpov\u011bdn\u00fd \/ nezodpov\u011bdn\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>slu\u0161n\u00fd \/ neslu\u0161n\u00fd<\/li>\n<li>modern\u00ed \/ zaostal\u00e9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m nen\u00ed v tom, \u017ee by mor\u00e1ln\u00ed kategorie neexistovaly. Probl\u00e9m je, kdy\u017e se pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k tomu, aby se z ot\u00e1zek faktu ud\u011blaly ot\u00e1zky charakteru. Pak se toti\u017e rozpory st\u00e1vaj\u00ed riskantn\u00edmi. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo nesouhlas\u00ed, u\u017e nevystupuje jako n\u011bkdo s jin\u00fdm n\u00e1zorem, ale jako n\u011bkdo s \u201evadn\u00fdm\u201c mor\u00e1ln\u00edm kompasem.<\/p>\n<p>To je typick\u00e1 vlastnost propagandistick\u00e9 komunikace: \u010din\u00ed odchylku nejen fale\u0161nou, ale i podez\u0159elou.<\/p>\n<h3>Test opomenut\u00ed: Co zde chyb\u00ed?<\/h3>\n<p>Probl\u00e9mem \u010dasto nen\u00ed to, co se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, ale to, co se ne\u0159\u00edk\u00e1. U\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd testovac\u00ed krok proto zn\u00ed: Jak\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u00e9 informace by vlastn\u011b m\u011bly b\u00fdt tak\u00e9 zm\u00edn\u011bny, abych mohl t\u00e9ma spravedliv\u011b posoudit? Typick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady opomenut\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Protiargumenty nejsou uvedeny.<\/li>\n<li>Vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinky nebo n\u00e1klady nejsou zohledn\u011bny.<\/li>\n<li>Neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 paralely.<\/li>\n<li>Alternativy nejsou p\u0159edlo\u017eeny.<\/li>\n<li>Protich\u016fdn\u00e9 c\u00edle jsou ignorov\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokud se prezentace jev\u00ed jako p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 hladk\u00e1, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 \u010dist\u00e1, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 jednozna\u010dn\u00e1, nen\u00ed to automaticky \u0161patn\u011b - je to v\u0161ak n\u00e1znak: mo\u017en\u00e1 byla se\u0159azena tak, \u017ee se jeden sm\u011br jev\u00ed jako obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b pravd\u011bpodobn\u00fd. Zde pom\u00e1h\u00e1 velmi p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed zp\u016fsob my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00fd jsme si zvykli pova\u017eovat za samoz\u0159ejmost:<\/p>\n<p>Ten, kdo n\u011bco prod\u00e1v\u00e1, m\u00e1lokdy uk\u00e1\u017ee slabiny v\u00fdrobku. To plat\u00ed v maloobchod\u011b i v komunikaci. Propaganda \u010dasto nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e \u201eprodej\u201c interpretace - jen s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi s\u00e1zkami.<\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e1mcov\u00fd test: Jak\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br m\u00e1m na konci vyvodit?<\/h3>\n<p>Jedna z nejklidn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a z\u00e1rove\u0148 nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek zn\u00ed: Jak\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br bych m\u011bl z t\u00e9to prezentace automaticky vyvodit? Pokud tento z\u00e1v\u011br rozpozn\u00e1te, ji\u017e jste zviditelnili r\u00e1mec. Pak si to m\u016f\u017eete ov\u011b\u0159it:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Je tento z\u00e1v\u011br skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fd?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e9 alternativy by byly tak\u00e9 pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e9 informace pot\u0159ebuji zn\u00e1t, abych si byl jist\u00fd?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Propaganda se \u010dasto nesna\u017e\u00ed zjevn\u011b na\u0159izovat z\u00e1v\u011bry, ale p\u0159ipravit je tak, aby se vyno\u0159ily \u201ejakoby samy od sebe\u201c. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je r\u00e1mcov\u00fd test tak u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd: vyn\u00e1\u0161\u00ed skrytou logiku na povrch.<\/p>\n<h3>Trik s konsensem: \u201eV\u0161ichni souhlas\u00ed\u201c<\/h3>\n<p>Velmi \u010dast\u00fdm mechanismem - zejm\u00e9na v modern\u00edch spole\u010dnostech - je prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed konsenzu. To m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pravda. M\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 slou\u017eit jako r\u00e9torick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. D\u00e1vejte si pozor na formulace jako nap\u0159:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201eV\u011bda \u0159\u00edk\u00e1...\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eOdborn\u00edci jsou zajedno...\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eTo u\u017e bylo d\u00e1vno objasn\u011bno...\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eO tom se ji\u017e nediskutuje...\u201c<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Takov\u00e9 tresty mohou b\u00fdt opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9, pokud jsou \u0159\u00e1dn\u011b od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00e9. Problematick\u00fdmi se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed, pokud slou\u017e\u00ed pouze jako obu\u0161ek bez d\u016fkaz\u016f. Pak toti\u017e nen\u00ed debata vyhran\u00e1, ale uzav\u0159en\u00e1. Klasick\u00fd, skeptick\u00fd testovac\u00ed bod je zde:<\/p>\n<p>O koho p\u0159esn\u011b jde? Kde jsou data? A existuj\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 nesouhlasn\u00e9 hlasy, o kter\u00fdch bychom m\u011bli alespo\u0148 v\u011bd\u011bt? Nemus\u00edte br\u00e1t v\u00e1\u017en\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd men\u0161inov\u00fd n\u00e1zor. Ale pokud se protiargumenty p\u0159estanou objevovat v\u016fbec, je to varovn\u00fd sign\u00e1l - proto\u017ee to ni\u010d\u00ed schopnost zva\u017eovat fakta.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u00e1\u010dek identity: kdy\u017e se ze souhlasu stane afiliace<\/h3>\n<p>Propaganda se st\u00e1v\u00e1 obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b silnou, kdy\u017e se t\u00fdk\u00e1 nejen obsahu, ale tak\u00e9 identity. Pak u\u017e nejde o <em>\u201eCo je spr\u00e1vn\u00e9?\u201c<\/em>, ale na:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201eKdo jste?\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eKe komu pat\u0159\u00ed\u0161?\u201c<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u201eNa kter\u00e9 stran\u011b stoj\u00edte?\u201c<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>To je patrn\u00e9 z toho, \u017ee pozice ji\u017e nejsou popisov\u00e1ny objektivn\u011b, ale jako znak soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti. Pokud souhlas\u00edte, pat\u0159\u00edte. Ti, kdo pochybuj\u00ed, jsou mimo. Z lidsk\u00e9ho hlediska je to pochopiteln\u00e9, proto\u017ee skupiny poskytuj\u00ed bezpe\u010d\u00ed. Je to v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro my\u0161len\u00ed, proto\u017ee to vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed brzdu: lid\u00e9 necht\u011bj\u00ed riskovat vypadnut\u00ed z vlastn\u00ed skupiny. St\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd protiargument zn\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p>Mohu n\u011bco kritizovat, ani\u017e bych ztratil sv\u00e9 hodnoty. To je v\u011bta, kter\u00e1 se v klidn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch pova\u017eovala za samoz\u0159ejmost. Ve vyhrocen\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch si ji n\u011bkdy mus\u00edte v\u011bdom\u011b vy\u017e\u00e1dat zp\u011bt.<\/p>\n<h3>Ka\u017edodenn\u00ed test: Co by \u0159ekl spravedliv\u00fd oponent?<\/h3>\n<p>Velmi praktick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem je mal\u00e9 my\u0161lenkov\u00e9 cvi\u010den\u00ed: Kdyby druh\u00e1 strana byla spravedliv\u00e1 a inteligentn\u00ed: Jak\u00fd by byl jej\u00ed nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed argument? Pokud v\u00e1s nic nenapad\u00e1, je to \u010derven\u00fd sign\u00e1l. Ne proto, \u017ee byste se ur\u010dit\u011b m\u00fdlili, ale proto, \u017ee v\u00e1\u0161 informa\u010dn\u00ed prostor se pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b stal jednostrann\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<p>Propaganda r\u00e1da karikuje sv\u00e9 oponenty, proto\u017ee je to v\u00fdhodn\u00e9. Karikaturu oponenta je snadn\u00e9 vyvr\u00e1tit. Seri\u00f3zn\u00ed protivn\u00edk nut\u00ed ke konfrontaci.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud se chcete nau\u010dit rozpozn\u00e1vat propagandu, m\u011bli byste si zvyknout p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161let o oponentech ne v jejich nejhloup\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale v jejich nejsiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verzi. Zd\u00e1 se to starom\u00f3dn\u00ed - ale pr\u00e1v\u011b o to jde: je to tradi\u010dn\u00ed, robustn\u00ed forma intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed poctivosti.<\/p>\n<h3>Faktor algoritmu: pro\u010d se dnes opakov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto d\u011bje \u201esamo od sebe\u201c<\/h3>\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z modern\u00edch zesilova\u010d\u016f, kter\u00fd byste m\u011bli m\u00edt alespo\u0148 na pam\u011bti, je algoritmick\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br. Ani\u017e bychom zde zach\u00e1zeli do podrobnost\u00ed: Pokud je obsah na platform\u00e1ch \u0159azen podle anga\u017eovanosti, maj\u00ed emotivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, polarizuj\u00edc\u00ed a vyhrocen\u011bj\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvky tendenci b\u00fdt v\u00edce viditeln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>To automaticky neznamen\u00e1 \u201epropagandu\u201c. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ak prost\u0159ed\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e jsou ur\u010dit\u00e9 formy komunikace systematicky up\u0159ednost\u0148ov\u00e1ny. A ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se v takov\u00e9m prost\u0159ed\u00ed pohybuje, rychle z\u00edsk\u00e1 pocit, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00fd \u00fahel pohledu je v\u0161ude - proto\u017ee ho v\u0161ude vid\u00edte. Klidn\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br z toho nen\u00ed: \u201eV\u0161echno je zmanipulovan\u00e9\u201c, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e:<\/p>\n<p>M\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed je nyn\u00ed v\u00edce filtrovan\u00e9, ne\u017e si uv\u011bdomuji. U\u017e jen d\u00edky tomuto v\u011bdom\u00ed jsem odoln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Mal\u00fd kontroln\u00ed seznam: P\u011bt ot\u00e1zek, kter\u00e9 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy pomohou<\/h3>\n<p>Chcete-li si prezentaci zkontrolovat, ani\u017e byste se ztratili, \u010dasto sta\u010d\u00ed p\u011bt ot\u00e1zek:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Jak\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br bych m\u011bl vyvodit?<\/li>\n<li>Co chyb\u00ed - jak\u00e9 z\u0159ejm\u00e9 informace nejsou uvedeny?<\/li>\n<li>Kolik moralizov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edsto argumentace?<\/li>\n<li>Je tvrzen konsenzus, ani\u017e by byl jasn\u011b prok\u00e1z\u00e1n?<\/li>\n<li>V\u011b\u0159il bych tomu, kdybych to \u010detl jen jednou - m\u00edsto desetkr\u00e1t?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Tyto ot\u00e1zky ve v\u00e1s nevzbuzuj\u00ed podez\u0159en\u00ed. Probouzej\u00ed v\u00e1s. Rozpoznat propagandu neznamen\u00e1 neust\u00e1le b\u00edt na poplach. Je to sp\u00ed\u0161e \u0159emeslo, kter\u00e9 si nen\u00e1padn\u011b procvi\u010dujete: pozorujete, porovn\u00e1v\u00e1te, kladete ot\u00e1zky, udr\u017eujete si odstup.<\/p>\n<p>V minulosti byl tento p\u0159\u00edstup v mnoha rodin\u00e1ch samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed: \u010detli jste noviny, poslouchali zpr\u00e1vy a pak jste si pov\u00eddali u kuchy\u0148sk\u00e9ho stolu: <em>\u201eDob\u0159e - pod\u00edvejme se, co je skute\u010dn\u011b pravda.\u201c<\/em> Ne agresivn\u00ed, ne cynick\u00fd, ale p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed. To je dobr\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed postoj: skeptick\u00fd, ale ne zaho\u0159kl\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdy\u017e se pojmy pomalu st\u00e1vaj\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota: nap\u011bt\u00ed ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m diskurzu<\/h3>\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9 propagandy m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edpad nap\u011bt\u00ed. Pojem \u201ep\u0159\u00edpad nap\u011bt\u00ed\u201c je z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska jasn\u011b definov\u00e1n, ale dlouho byl marginalizovan\u00fdm t\u00e9matem. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je zaj\u00edmav\u00fd. Kdy\u017e se takov\u00fd term\u00edn st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji objevuje v politick\u00e9m a medi\u00e1ln\u00edm diskurzu, postupn\u011b m\u011bn\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c, \u201emysliteln\u00e9\u201c nebo \u201ena co se vyplat\u00ed p\u0159ipravit\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Nejedn\u00e1 se automaticky o propagandu, ale o klasick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad zav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed pojm\u016f opakov\u00e1n\u00edm. Doprovodn\u00fd \u010dl\u00e1nek kategorizuje <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/co-znamena-pokles-napeti-v-nemecku-a-jake-konkretni-dusledky-by-to-melo\/\"><strong>Pokles nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong><\/a> vysv\u011btluje jej\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed v\u00fdznam a ukazuje, pro\u010d m\u00e1 smysl se j\u00ed bl\u00ed\u017ee zab\u00fdvat, kdy\u017e kategorie bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky pomalu pronikaj\u00ed do ka\u017edodenn\u00edho \u017eivota - \u010dasto bez velk\u00fdch diskus\u00ed, ale s dlouhodob\u00fdm dopadem na my\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum mo\u017en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"6\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"540b47514cec5d6b772b0d217a5c0905\" data-pid=\"5130\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\".basic-yop-poll-container[data-uid] .basic-vote {\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"6084a54478\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"6\" data-uid=\"f49880ca70b8b2d073b41a2452b9fce7\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"7\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">Jak dob\u0159e se vy osobn\u011b c\u00edt\u00edte p\u0159ipraveni na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (nap\u0159. krizi nebo v\u00e1lku)?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"24\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"20\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[24]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[24]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"24\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Velmi dob\u0159e - m\u00e1m z\u00e1soby, znalosti a pl\u00e1n<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"25\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"38\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[25]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[25]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"25\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Docela dobr\u00e9 - trochu jsem o tom p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"26\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"62\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[26]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[26]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"26\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">T\u011b\u017eko - jen douf\u00e1m, \u017ee se nic nestane<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"27\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"14\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[27]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[27]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"27\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">V\u016fbec ne - z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b toto t\u00e9ma potla\u010duji.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"28\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"17\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[28]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[28]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"28\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Co je to vlastn\u011b \"pokles nap\u011bt\u00ed\"?<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Hlasujte na<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"cs\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Pro\u010d propaganda v\u017edy funguje<\/h2>\n<p>Propaganda nen\u00ed tak \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 proto, \u017ee by lid\u00e9 byli \u201ehloup\u00ed\u201c, ale proto, \u017ee lid\u00e9 pot\u0159ebuj\u00ed veden\u00ed. Tak tomu bylo p\u0159ed sto lety a je tomu tak i dnes. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed maj\u00ed ve sv\u00e9m ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b dost pr\u00e1ce, nemohou do hloubky zkoumat ka\u017ed\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. A ti, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eij\u00ed v nejist\u00e9 dob\u011b, o to v\u00edce hledaj\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, jasnou odpov\u011bdnost a jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>To nen\u00ed vada, je to lidsk\u00e9. Jde o to, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 propaganda. Nab\u00edz\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d - \u010dasto v podob\u011b vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je p\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9, proto\u017ee sni\u017euje slo\u017eitost. A pokud toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed zn\u00ed i mor\u00e1ln\u011b \u010dist\u011b, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00fdm: m\u00e1te nejen vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 pocit, \u017ee jste na \u201espr\u00e1vn\u00e9 stran\u011b\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Jakmile to pochop\u00edte, ztrat\u00ed propaganda n\u011bco ze sv\u00e9 mystick\u00e9 hr\u016fzy. Pak u\u017e to nen\u00ed \u201ezlo\u201c p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed kdesi vskrytu, ale technika, kter\u00e1 uspokojuje zcela b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 lidsk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost ke skupin\u011b p\u0159ed\u010d\u00ed logiku<\/h3>\n<p>Druh\u00fd d\u016fvod je soci\u00e1ln\u00ed povahy. Lid\u00e9 jsou skupinov\u00e9 bytosti. Orientujeme se na ostatn\u00ed, proto\u017ee je to po tis\u00edce let v\u00fdhoda pro p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed. Kdo st\u00e1l s\u00e1m proti skupin\u011b, m\u011bl to t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9. To je v n\u00e1s hlub\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e si chceme p\u0159ipustit. Proto je propaganda obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1, kdy\u017e nejen poskytuje informace, ale tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pocit soun\u00e1le\u017eitosti:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo s t\u00edm souhlas\u00ed, je jedn\u00edm z nich.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo pochybuje, je mimo.<\/li>\n<li>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo klade ot\u00e1zky, je rychle ozna\u010den za \u201epot\u00ed\u017eistu\u201c.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>To nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u017edy v\u011bdom\u011b \u0159\u00edzeno. \u010casto vznik\u00e1 sama od sebe: t\u00f3nem hlasu, soci\u00e1ln\u00ed dynamikou, koment\u00e1\u0159i, zp\u016fsobem, jak\u00fdm lid\u00e9 mluv\u00ed o \u201et\u011bch druh\u00fdch\u201c. A \u010d\u00edm je t\u00e9ma emotivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, t\u00edm je tento mechanismus siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Klasickou chybou by byl z\u00e1v\u011br: \u201ePak u\u017e nem\u016f\u017eete v\u011b\u0159it nikomu.\u201c To by byla kapitulace. Moud\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br je: Uv\u011bdomuji si, jak siln\u00fd je tlak vrstevn\u00edk\u016f - a udr\u017euji si mal\u00fd vnit\u0159n\u00ed odstup.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d dnes ji\u017e nen\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 \u201eprod\u00e1vat n\u00e1zory\u201c?<\/h3>\n<p>V minulosti se \u010dasto \u0159\u00edkalo: <em>\u201eUjist\u011bte se, \u017ee v\u00e1m nikdo neprod\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor.\u201c<\/em> To byl dobr\u00fd post\u0159eh, kter\u00fd je v z\u00e1sad\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00fd. Ale ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde jsou n\u00e1zory prakticky v\u0161ude - a ka\u017ed\u00fd n\u00e1zor m\u016f\u017ee z\u00edskat dosah b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika minut - tato v\u011bta u\u017e nesta\u010d\u00ed. Probl\u00e9mem dnes nen\u00ed ani tak to, \u017ee existuj\u00ed n\u00e1zory. Probl\u00e9m je sp\u00ed\u0161e v tom:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jak\u00fdm n\u00e1zorem v\u00e1s neust\u00e1le krm\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Kter\u00e1 t\u00e9mata jsou vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na a kter\u00e1 miz\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e9 perspektivy nikdy neuvid\u00edte?<\/li>\n<li>Kter\u00e9 rozpory nejsou osv\u011btleny?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jin\u00fdmi slovy, jde m\u00e9n\u011b o individu\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1zor a v\u00edce o informa\u010dn\u00ed prostor, ve kter\u00e9m se pohybujete. Pokud udr\u017e\u00edte informa\u010dn\u00ed prostor \u00fazk\u00fd, nemus\u00edte ji\u017e nikomu aktivn\u011b \u201eprod\u00e1vat n\u00e1zor\u201c. Lid\u00e9 pak spoustu v\u011bc\u00ed p\u0159ej\u00edmaj\u00ed automaticky - proto\u017ee prost\u011b nemaj\u00ed mo\u017enost srovn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Alternativn\u00ed m\u00e9dia: p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost, ale ne automaticky pravda<\/h3>\n<p>Zde p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00ed ke slovu alternativn\u00ed m\u00e9dia. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee dnes existuj\u00ed platformy a nab\u00eddky, kter\u00e9 nepoch\u00e1zej\u00ed z tradi\u010dn\u00edho medi\u00e1ln\u00edho pr\u016fmyslu, je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdhodou: rozmanitost m\u016f\u017ee pomoci zviditelnit slep\u00e1 m\u00edsta.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto mnoho lid\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 zdroje, kter\u00e9 jsou mimo hlavn\u00ed proud - nap\u0159\u00edklad NachDenkSeiten nebo Apollo News, abychom jmenovali jen dv\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jm\u00e9na. Takov\u00e9 nab\u00eddky mohou plnit d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 funkce:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Stanovuj\u00ed si r\u016fzn\u00e9 priority.<\/li>\n<li>Kladou dal\u0161\u00ed ot\u00e1zky.<\/li>\n<li>P\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed t\u00e9mata, o kter\u00fdch se jinak mluv\u00ed jen z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/li>\n<li>N\u011bkdy poskytuj\u00ed protiargumenty, kter\u00e9 byste m\u011bli zn\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, abychom nesklouzli k dal\u0161\u00edmu zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed. Alternativn\u00ed m\u00e9dia nejsou automaticky \u201elep\u0161\u00ed\u201c. Stejn\u011b jako v\u0161echna ostatn\u00ed mohou m\u00edt partikul\u00e1rn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy, p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bt, slou\u017eit emoc\u00edm nebo uv\u00edznout ve vlastn\u00edm narativu.<\/p>\n<p>Vyzr\u00e1l\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak se s t\u00edm vypo\u0159\u00e1dat, tedy nen\u00ed: \u201eMainstream je propaganda, alternativa je pravda\u201c, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e: Roz\u0161i\u0159uji sv\u016fj pohled - a st\u00e1le zkoum\u00e1m. To je pr\u00e1v\u011b ten rozd\u00edl mezi zdravou skeps\u00ed a pouh\u00fdm vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm t\u00e1bor\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Praktick\u00e1 strategie: v\u011bdom\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed vlastn\u00edho informa\u010dn\u00edho mixu<\/h3>\n<p>Pokud postupujete spr\u00e1vn\u011b, nepot\u0159ebujete dvacet zdroj\u016f. Stabiln\u00ed mix informac\u00ed \u010dasto vytvo\u0159\u00edte jen s n\u011bkolika dob\u0159e zvolen\u00fdmi stavebn\u00edmi kameny:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Zdroj, kter\u00fd pod\u00e1v\u00e1 zpr\u00e1vy klasi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm\/ust\u00e1len\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem (p\u0159ehled, fakta, terminologie).<\/li>\n<li>Zdroj, kter\u00fd informuje alternativn\u011bji\/kriti\u010dt\u011bji (pro slep\u00e1 m\u00edsta, protiargumenty, zm\u011bnu perspektivy).<\/li>\n<li>Pokud je to mo\u017en\u00e9: prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zdroje (origin\u00e1ln\u00ed dokumenty, statistiky, projevy, pr\u00e1vn\u00ed texty, \u00fa\u0159edn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy).<\/li>\n<li>A velmi d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9: mal\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd odstup - nemus\u00edte v\u0161e vyhodnocovat okam\u017eit\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Vypad\u00e1 to neok\u00e1zale, ale je to robustn\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve se \u0159\u00edkalo: \u201eP\u0159e\u010dti si dvoje noviny, pak bude\u0161 v\u011bd\u011bt v\u00edc\u201c. Dnes plat\u00ed stejn\u00fd princip - jen s jin\u00fdmi kan\u00e1ly. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd je tento bod: Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd zdroj mus\u00ed b\u00fdt \u201espr\u00e1vn\u00fd\u201c. Mus\u00ed v\u00e1m pomoci l\u00e9pe vid\u011bt.<\/p>\n<h3>Klidn\u00fd kompas: ot\u00e1zky m\u00edsto orientace<\/h3>\n<p>Pokud se chcete vyzbrojit proti propagand\u011b, nepot\u0159ebujete cynismus. Pot\u0159ebujete kompas. A tento kompas se p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b \u010dasto skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z jednoduch\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jak\u00fd by byl v\u011brohodn\u00fd protipohled?<\/li>\n<li>Jak\u00e9 informace by tento n\u00e1zor oslabily - a pro\u010d chyb\u00ed?<\/li>\n<li>Komu toto zobrazen\u00ed prosp\u00edv\u00e1 - politicky, ekonomicky, spole\u010densky?<\/li>\n<li>Je zde v\u00edce mor\u00e1lky ne\u017e rozumu?<\/li>\n<li>Je slo\u017eitost vysv\u011btlena - nebo vy\u017eehlena?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tyto ot\u00e1zky nejsou vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edm v\u00e1lky. Jsou ochrann\u00fdm mechanismem. A maj\u00ed v sob\u011b n\u011bco tradi\u010dn\u00edho: odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed star\u00e9, p\u0159\u00edzemn\u00ed fr\u00e1zi: <em>\u201eN\u011b\u010demu v\u011b\u0159\u00edm, a\u017e kdy\u017e to vid\u00edm z v\u00edce stran.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Dnes je zralost op\u011bt aktivn\u00edm aktem.<\/h3>\n<p>Je snadn\u00e9 se nad t\u00edmto t\u00e9matem sklesle zamyslet. \u010clov\u011bk toti\u017e rychle z\u00edsk\u00e1 pocit, \u017ee se v\u0161ude \u201etah\u00e1\u201c a \u201ekormidluje\u201c. Ale st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd pohled ukazuje i n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho: nikdy nebylo tak snadn\u00e9 z\u00edskat dal\u0161\u00ed informace, porovn\u00e1vat a \u010d\u00edst p\u016fvodn\u00ed zdroje. Ano, vy\u017eaduje to discipl\u00ednu. Ano, n\u011bkdy to chce odvahu postavit se tlaku okol\u00ed. Ale je to mo\u017en\u00e9 - a je to st\u00e1le d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud se propaganda v modern\u00ed dob\u011b jev\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b jako slogan a v\u00edce jako atmosf\u00e9ra, pak nejlep\u0161\u00ed reakc\u00ed nen\u00ed rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed, ale jasnost. Ne neust\u00e1l\u00e1 agitace, ale klidn\u00e1 sm\u011bs informac\u00ed. A p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm: ochota nenechat se zatla\u010dit do t\u00e1bor\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Nakonec je to vlastn\u011b dobr\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va: propaganda je nej\u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed tam, kde se lid\u00e9 st\u00e1vaj\u00ed pasivn\u00edmi. Ztr\u00e1c\u00ed sv\u016fj \u00fa\u010dinek, kdy\u017e ji lid\u00e9 za\u010dnou v\u011bdom\u011b zkoumat, porovn\u00e1vat a vytv\u00e1\u0159et si vlastn\u00ed n\u00e1zor.<\/p>\n<p>A to nen\u00ed nic elit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho. Je to jednodu\u0161e: intelektu\u00e1ln\u00ed sebe\u00facta.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed, r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed a logika modern\u00edho vylou\u010den\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-5021 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\"><strong>Editorial o kultu\u0159e zru\u0161en\u00ed<\/strong><\/a> p\u0159\u00edmo souvis\u00ed s anal\u00fdzou modern\u00edch mechanism\u016f propagandy. Zat\u00edmco \u010dl\u00e1nek o propagand\u011b ukazuje, jak narativy, opakov\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed mohou ovl\u00e1dat vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, \u010dl\u00e1nek o kultu\u0159e zru\u0161en\u00ed zkoum\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed d\u016fsledky takov\u00e9 dynamiky. Jak se vyv\u00edj\u00ed koordina\u010dn\u00ed rovnov\u00e1ha? Pro\u010d se neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 p\u0159ikl\u00e1n\u011bj\u00ed k ve\u0159ejn\u00e9mu distancov\u00e1n\u00ed? A jakou roli hraje medi\u00e1ln\u00ed logika a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed akcelerace? M\u00edsto mor\u00e1ln\u00edch atribut\u016f text p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed kategorizaci proces\u016f vylu\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed ve sportu, v\u011bd\u011b, arm\u00e1d\u011b a politice. Oba \u010dl\u00e1nky spole\u010dn\u011b vykresluj\u00ed obraz mechaniky modern\u00edho diskurzu - mezi legitimn\u00ed sankc\u00ed a diskurzivn\u00edm z\u00fa\u017een\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u010dasn\u00e9 varov\u00e1n\u00ed z televize - a pro\u010d je dnes op\u011bt aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/kdyz-se-povinnost-opet-stava-povinnosti-druh-eseje-pana-von-loreota\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3021 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-uniform-garten-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Pan von L&#039;oreot s n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi ozbrojen\u00fdmi silami\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-uniform-garten-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-uniform-garten-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-uniform-garten-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-uniform-garten.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>V jednom televizn\u00edm rozhovoru z roku 1979 vyslovil Vicco von B\u00fclow - zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Loriot - my\u0161lenky, kter\u00e9 se dnes zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. Hovo\u0159il o tom, \u017ee m\u00e9dia nejen informuj\u00ed, ale st\u00e1le v\u00edce diktuj\u00ed interpretace prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm t\u00f3nu, v\u00fdb\u011bru a p\u0159\u00edstupu. Ne hlasit\u011b, ne agita\u010dn\u011b, ale klidn\u011b a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nenucen\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom je s\u00edla tohoto okam\u017eiku.<\/p>\n<p>Odkazovan\u00e1 esej <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/kdyz-se-povinnost-opet-stava-povinnosti-druh-eseje-pana-von-loreota\/\"><strong>\u201eKdy\u017e se povinnost op\u011bt stane povinnost\u00ed\u201c<\/strong><\/a><\/em> zachycuje tuto konverzaci a kategorizuje ji. Ukazuje, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 mechanismy, kter\u00e9 dnes vn\u00edm\u00e1me jako modern\u00ed, byly rozpozn\u00e1ny d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edmi m\u00e9dii - pozorovatelem, kter\u00fd st\u00e1l o jasnost, odstup a smysl pro odpov\u011bdnost.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdy\u017e se pr\u00e1vo st\u00e1v\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/svetovy-rad-zalozeny-na-pravidlech-a-mezinarodni-pravo-mezi-realitou-a-porusovanim-prava\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo a sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Propaganda je \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na tam, kde ji\u017e nejsou jasn\u011b definov\u00e1ny pojmy. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde je \u010dl\u00e1nek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/svetovy-rad-zalozeny-na-pravidlech-a-mezinarodni-pravo-mezi-realitou-a-porusovanim-prava\/\"><em><strong>\u201eSv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo: mezi tvrzen\u00edm, skute\u010dnost\u00ed a poru\u0161en\u00edm pr\u00e1va\u201c<\/strong><\/em><\/a> na.<\/p>\n<p>Uv\u00e1d\u00ed, co to vlastn\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je, jak byla mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pravidla p\u016fvodn\u011b koncipov\u00e1na a pro\u010d se dnes st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed r\u00e9toricky, m\u00edsto aby byla z\u00e1vazn\u00e1. Text ukazuje, jak vznikaj\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3ny a pro\u010d mor\u00e1ln\u00ed zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji nahrazuj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 postupy. \u010cten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm propagandistick\u00e9ho \u010dl\u00e1nku poskytuje tento \u010dl\u00e1nek pr\u00e1vn\u00ed hloubku: zviditel\u0148uje, kde narativy za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed nahrazovat pr\u00e1vo - a pro\u010d pr\u00e1v\u011b to dlouhodob\u011b podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 jak\u00fdkoli \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\n<h3>Vyvodit d\u016fsledky: Vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba, povinn\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba a pr\u00e1vo na v\u00fdhradu sv\u011bdom\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/vyhrada-svedomi-vuci-vojenske-sluzbe-co-delat-v-pripade-nouze\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft size-medium wp-image-2969\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/wehrpflicht-kriegsdienst-verweigern-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Brann\u00e1 povinnost: odm\u00edtnut\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/wehrpflicht-kriegsdienst-verweigern-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/wehrpflicht-kriegsdienst-verweigern-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/wehrpflicht-kriegsdienst-verweigern-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/wehrpflicht-kriegsdienst-verweigern-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/wehrpflicht-kriegsdienst-verweigern.jpg 1536w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se bl\u00ed\u017ee zab\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u00fdvojem bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky, nevyhnuteln\u011b naraz\u00ed na t\u00e9ma vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby a povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby. Zat\u00edmco ve\u0159ejn\u00e1 debata je \u010dasto mor\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo emocion\u00e1ln\u00ed, pro mnoh\u00e9 je tato ot\u00e1zka velmi pragmatick\u00e1:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Co to pro m\u011b konkr\u00e9tn\u011b znamen\u00e1?<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/vyhrada-svedomi-vuci-vojenske-sluzbe-co-delat-v-pripade-nouze\/\"><strong>\u010cl\u00e1nek o povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b<\/strong><\/a> za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b tady. St\u0159\u00edzliv\u011b vysv\u011btluje, jak\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed mo\u017enosti jsou k dispozici, jak funguje odm\u00edtnut\u00ed a jak\u00e9 kroky jsou nutn\u00e9, pokud se chcete vydat touto cestou. Ne jako odvol\u00e1n\u00ed, ale jako informaci. Proto\u017ee skute\u010dn\u00e1 dosp\u011blost za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 tam, kde zn\u00e1te sv\u00e1 pr\u00e1va - a rozhodujete se nikoli ze strachu nebo pod tlakem okol\u00ed, ale s jasnou p\u0159edstavou.<\/p>\n<h3>Nez\u00e1vislost jako ochrana proti podloudn\u00e9mu vlivu<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/vas-mezinarodni-casopis\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3823 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\u010casopis jako majetek\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se na propagandu pod\u00edv\u00e1 bl\u00ed\u017ee, si rychle uv\u011bdom\u00ed, jak siln\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obsah ovlivn\u011bn v\u00fdb\u011brem, v\u00e1\u017een\u00edm a prezentac\u00ed - \u010dasto nen\u00e1padn\u011b a sotva viditeln\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed, zda z\u016fstanete pouh\u00fdm konzumentem jin\u00fdch platforem, nebo se sami stanete vydavatelem. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/vas-mezinarodni-casopis\/\"><strong>N\u00e1\u0161 vlastn\u00ed \u010dasopis<\/strong><\/a> zde doch\u00e1z\u00ed k jasn\u00e9mu odd\u011blen\u00ed: obsah ji\u017e nen\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159en podle vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pokyn\u016f, ale sleduje vlastn\u00ed linii, kter\u00e1 je v\u011bdom\u011b volena a dlouhodob\u011b budov\u00e1na. To neznamen\u00e1 vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se odpov\u011bdnosti - naopak. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee ji v\u011bdom\u011b p\u0159eb\u00edr\u00e1te. Ve vlastn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu lze t\u00e9mata prezentovat klidn\u011bji, diferencovan\u011bji a bez algoritmick\u00e9ho tlaku. Perspektivy mohou st\u00e1t vedle sebe, ani\u017e by byly okam\u017eit\u011b vnucov\u00e1ny do p\u0159edem dan\u00fdch sch\u00e9mat. Krok za krokem tak vznik\u00e1 stabiln\u00ed z\u00e1klad, na kter\u00e9m lze obsah nejen publikovat, ale tak\u00e9 kategorizovat - bez kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdch trend\u016f a jemn\u00e9ho ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdzva k v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b n\u00e1zor\u016f: Kter\u00e1 m\u00e9dia v\u00e1m pom\u00e1haj\u00ed kategorizovat?<\/h3>\n<p>Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se zab\u00fdvaj\u00ed propagandou, \u0159\u00edzen\u00edm ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed a medi\u00e1ln\u00edmi mechanismy, si \u010dasto vytvo\u0159\u00ed vlastn\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 n\u00e1vyky. Pokud pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1te m\u00e9dium, kter\u00e9 v\u00e1m pom\u00e1h\u00e1 nahl\u00ed\u017eet na t\u00e9mata diferencovan\u011bji nebo pozn\u00e1vat jin\u00e9 perspektivy, m\u016f\u017eete ho p\u0159idat do seznamu. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/metody-propagandy-historie-moderni-formy-a-jak-je-rozpoznat\/#respond\"><strong>Koment\u00e1\u0159e<\/strong><\/a> n\u00e1zev.<\/p>\n<p>Zde by bylo vhodn\u00e9 prov\u00e9st stru\u010dnou kategorizaci: Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 <strong>jak\u00fd druh m\u00e9dia<\/strong> je to v <strong>kter\u00fd jazyk<\/strong> se zd\u00e1 - a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm, <strong>pro\u010d to \u010dtete<\/strong>? Ne jako doporu\u010den\u00ed pro v\u0161echny, ale jako osobn\u00ed inspiraci pro ostatn\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e. Jak\u00e9 zdroje kdo pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 a jak je kategorizuje, je samoz\u0159ejm\u011b na n\u011bm.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-211 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-211 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o um\u011bn\u00ed a kultu\u0159e<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-211\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"beruf, weltbild, zukunft: entscheidungen im schatten des umbruchs\" data-id=\"3197\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur tipps &amp; anleitungen\" data-post_tag=\"erfahrungen krisen pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung ratgeber\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/karierni-svet-pohled-na-budouci-rozhodnuti-ve-stinu-otresu\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Kari\u00e9ra, pohled na sv\u011bt, budoucnost: rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed ve st\u00ednu zm\u011bn<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Rozhodnut\u00ed ve st\u00ednu ot\u0159es\u016f\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Entscheidungen-im-Schatten-Umbruch.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Entscheidungen-im-Schatten-Umbruch.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Entscheidungen-im-Schatten-Umbruch-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Entscheidungen-im-Schatten-Umbruch-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Entscheidungen-im-Schatten-Umbruch-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/karierni-svet-pohled-na-budouci-rozhodnuti-ve-stinu-otresu\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kari\u00e9ra, pohled na sv\u011bt, budoucnost: rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed ve st\u00ednu zm\u011bn<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"die affinity grafik-suite wird kostenlos: was profi-anwender jetzt wissen m\u00fcssen\" data-id=\"3675\"  data-category=\"apple macos b\u00fccher kunst &amp; kultur tipps &amp; anleitungen\" data-post_tag=\"buch mac prozesse publishing verlag\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/graficky-balik-affinity-se-stava-zdarma-co-by-meli-profesionalni-uzivatele-vedet-nyni\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Grafick\u00e1 sada Affinity je zdarma: Co by m\u011bli profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt nyn\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Grafick\u00fd bal\u00ed\u010dek Affinity zdarma\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/graficky-balik-affinity-se-stava-zdarma-co-by-meli-profesionalni-uzivatele-vedet-nyni\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Grafick\u00e1 sada Affinity je zdarma: Co by m\u011bli profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed u\u017eivatel\u00e9 v\u011bd\u011bt nyn\u00ed<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"die krimtataren &#8211; 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kultur\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle deutschland energiepolitik eu-gesetze europa geopolitik krisen sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/teorie-her-vysvetluje-25-let-geopolitiky-jak-evropa-ztratila-svou-strategickou-roli\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Teorie her vysv\u011btluje 25 let geopolitiky: Jak Evropa ztratila svou strategickou roli<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Teorie her vysv\u011btluje 25 let geopolitiky\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-768x574.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-16x12.jpg 16w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/teorie-her-vysvetluje-25-let-geopolitiky-jak-evropa-ztratila-svou-strategickou-roli\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Teorie her vysv\u011btluje 25 let geopolitiky: Jak Evropa ztratila svou strategickou roli<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o propagand\u011b<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Co p\u0159esn\u011b je propaganda?<\/strong><br \/>\nPropaganda nen\u00ed jedin\u00e9 nepravdiv\u00e9 tvrzen\u00ed, ale metoda. Popisuje c\u00edlen\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br, v\u00e1\u017een\u00ed a opakov\u00e1n\u00ed informac\u00ed s c\u00edlem usm\u011brnit vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed, postoje nebo chov\u00e1n\u00ed. Propaganda m\u016f\u017ee pracovat s pravdiv\u00fdmi fakty, m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt v\u011bcn\u011b a dokonce m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt dob\u0159e m\u00edn\u011bn\u00e1. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed nen\u00ed pravdivost jednotliv\u00fdch tvrzen\u00ed, ale sm\u011br, kter\u00fdm maj\u00ed b\u00fdt my\u0161lenky a pocity vedeny.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je propaganda v\u017edy negativn\u00ed?<\/strong><br \/>\nHistoricky byl tento term\u00edn dlouho neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed. Propaganda zpo\u010d\u00e1tku znamenala prost\u011b \u201e\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed\u201c. Teprve ve 20. stolet\u00ed z\u00edskal sv\u00e9 siln\u011b negativn\u00ed zabarven\u00ed, proto\u017ee se uk\u00e1zalo, jak destruktivn\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee tato technika b\u00fdt, je-li spojena s mocensk\u00fdmi prost\u0159edky. Dnes je propaganda problematick\u00e1, kdy\u017e zu\u017euje diskuse, zneviditel\u0148uje alternativy a m\u00edsto argument\u016f pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1tlak.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Existuje propaganda pouze v autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe. Autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed otev\u0159enou propagandu, demokratick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed rafinovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formy. Rozd\u00edl nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ani tak v tom, \u201ezda\u201c, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e v tom, \u201ejak\u201c. V otev\u0159en\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech je propaganda m\u00e1lokdy na\u0159\u00edzen\u00e1, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e zar\u00e1movan\u00e1, v\u00e1\u017een\u00e1 a emo\u010dn\u011b nabit\u00e1. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee neexistuje otev\u0159en\u00e1 cenzura, se tyto formy \u010dasto jev\u00ed jako obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b nen\u00e1padn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je tak t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 rozpoznat modern\u00ed propagandu?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee m\u00e1lokdy mluv\u00ed nahlas. Pracuje s t\u00f3nem hlasu, v\u00fdb\u011brem, opakov\u00e1n\u00edm a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed samoz\u0159ejmost\u00ed. M\u00edsto hesel jsou tu postoje, m\u00edsto p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f soci\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1tlak. \u010casto a\u017e zp\u011btn\u011b si \u010dlov\u011bk uv\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky nebyly nikdy polo\u017eeny nebo \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 perspektivy nebyly nikdy uk\u00e1z\u00e1ny.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je ka\u017ed\u00fd siln\u00fd n\u00e1zor automaticky propagandou?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe. N\u00e1zory jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed otev\u0159en\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Propaganda za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 tam, kde jsou n\u00e1zory prezentov\u00e1ny tak, \u017ee se zd\u00e1, \u017ee nemaj\u00ed alternativu, kde jsou protiargumenty mor\u00e1ln\u011b diskreditov\u00e1ny nebo kde opakov\u00e1n\u00ed nahrazuje argumentaci. Jasn\u00fd n\u00e1zor m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt up\u0159\u00edmn\u00fd - propagandistick\u00fdm se st\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze svou metodou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d propaganda funguje i na chytr\u00e9 lidi?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee nen\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159ena na inteligenci, ale na z\u00e1kladn\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 pot\u0159eby: Orientace, bezpe\u010d\u00ed, soun\u00e1le\u017eitost. Nikdo nem\u00e1 neomezen\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed \u010dasu a energie na hlubok\u00e9 zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Propaganda vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b tohoto omezen\u00ed a nab\u00edz\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 interpretace ve slo\u017eit\u00fdch situac\u00edch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jakou roli hraj\u00ed emoce v propagand\u011b?<\/strong><br \/>\nVelmi velk\u00fd. Emoce svazuj\u00ed pozornost a sni\u017euj\u00ed kritick\u00fd odstup. Strach, rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed nebo mor\u00e1ln\u00ed nad\u0159azenost usnad\u0148uj\u00ed souhlas a zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed zva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010c\u00edm emotivn\u011bji je t\u00e9ma prezentov\u00e1no, t\u00edm je pravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee racion\u00e1ln\u00ed zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed ustoup\u00ed do pozad\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je opakov\u00e1n\u00ed opravdu tak siln\u00e9?<\/strong><br \/>\nAno, opakov\u00e1n\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed zn\u00e1most a zn\u00e1most se \u010dasto zam\u011b\u0148uje s pravdou. Tvrzen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 \u010dasto sly\u0161\u00edte, se v\u00e1m zdaj\u00ed v\u011brohodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed - i kdy\u017e jste si je nikdy v\u011bdom\u011b neov\u011b\u0159ili. Propaganda vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 tohoto efektu t\u00edm, \u017ee opakuje sd\u011blen\u00ed mnoha kan\u00e1ly v m\u00edrn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdch form\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je opomenut\u00ed \u010dasto nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e le\u017e?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee opomenut\u00ed se h\u016f\u0159e rozpozn\u00e1v\u00e1. Le\u017e lze vyvr\u00e1tit. Naproti tomu jednostrann\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br pravdiv\u00fdch informac\u00ed se jev\u00ed jako seri\u00f3zn\u00ed a nenapadnuteln\u00fd. Celkov\u00fd obraz, kter\u00fd vznikne, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159esto zkreslen\u00fd, ani\u017e by bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 jasn\u011b napadnout jedin\u00fd bod.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jakou roli hraj\u00ed algoritmy v modern\u00edm ovliv\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed?<\/strong><br \/>\nAlgoritmy rozhoduj\u00ed o tom, co je viditeln\u00e9 a co ne. \u010casto up\u0159ednost\u0148uj\u00ed obsah, kter\u00fd vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 emoce a vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 zapojen\u00ed. Nejedn\u00e1 se automaticky o propagandu, ale m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt podobn\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky, proto\u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u00fahly pohledu jsou neust\u00e1le p\u0159\u00edtomny a jin\u00e9 se t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neobjevuj\u00ed. Vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed je tak v tichosti p\u0159edp\u0159ipraveno.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jsou alternativn\u00ed m\u00e9dia \u0159e\u0161en\u00edm propagandy?<\/strong><br \/>\nMohou b\u00fdt d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm stavebn\u00edm kamenem, proto\u017ee nab\u00edzej\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 perspektivy a odhaluj\u00ed slep\u00e1 m\u00edsta. Ale ani alternativn\u00ed m\u00e9dia nejsou automaticky neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed nebo spr\u00e1vn\u00e1. I v nich se objevuj\u00ed narativy, z\u00e1jmy a p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed. Jejich hodnota spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed pohledu - nikoli v tom, \u017ee poskytuj\u00ed novou absolutn\u00ed pravdu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak z\u00edskat rozumn\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed informace, ani\u017e byste se ztratili?<\/strong><br \/>\nZ\u00e1m\u011brn\u00fdm m\u00edch\u00e1n\u00edm v\u011bc\u00ed. Zaveden\u00fd zdroj pro p\u0159ehled, kritick\u00fd zdroj pro protipohled, ob\u010das prim\u00e1rn\u00ed zdroje a ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd odstup. Nejde o to p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst v\u0161echno, ale poznat r\u016fzn\u00e9 perspektivy, ne\u017e si vytvo\u0159\u00edme \u00fasudek.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi skepticismem a cynismem?<\/strong><br \/>\nSkepse se testuje a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e1. Cynismus u\u017e nev\u011b\u0159\u00ed nikomu. Skepse posiluje soudnost, cynismus ji ni\u010d\u00ed. Kdo si mysl\u00ed, \u017ee v\u0161e je manipulace, nen\u00ed svobodn\u00fd, ale dezorientovan\u00fd. C\u00edlem je klidn\u00fd, zkoumav\u00fd postoj - ne trval\u00e9 pohrd\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d se dnes tolik mluv\u00ed o \u201ekonsensu\u201c?<\/strong><br \/>\nOdkaz na konsensus m\u00e1 \u00falevn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek. Pokud \u201ev\u0161ichni souhlas\u00ed\u201c, zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee nen\u00ed t\u0159eba osobn\u00ed reflexe. Problematick\u00fdm se st\u00e1v\u00e1, kdy\u017e se konsenzus prohla\u0161uje tam, kde se vedou skute\u010dn\u00e9 debaty. Pak r\u00e9torika konsensu nahrazuje argumenty s autoritou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je dnes propaganda nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v minulosti?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe nutn\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale rafinovan\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve bylo snaz\u0161\u00ed je rozpoznat, ale dnes je v\u00edce zako\u0159en\u011bno v ka\u017edodenn\u00ed komunikaci. Jeho \u00fa\u010dinek je vytv\u00e1\u0159en m\u00e9n\u011b jednotliv\u00fdmi sd\u011blen\u00edmi ne\u017e trval\u00fdm r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00edm a opakov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u016f\u017eeme se n\u011bkdy zcela ochr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed propagandou?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe, a to nen\u00ed realistick\u00fd c\u00edl. C\u00edlem nen\u00ed imunita, ale odolnost. Pokud rozpozn\u00e1te vzorce, provedete srovn\u00e1n\u00ed a udr\u017e\u00edte si odstup, m\u016f\u017eete sv\u016fj dopad v\u00fdrazn\u011b omezit - ani\u017e byste se izolovali od sv\u011bta.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00fd je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed krok k v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed du\u0161evn\u00ed nez\u00e1vislosti?<\/strong><br \/>\nNesp\u011bchejte. Neodsuzujte hned ka\u017edou zpr\u00e1vu, nesouhlaste s ka\u017ed\u00fdm rozho\u0159\u010den\u00edm, nep\u0159ij\u00edmejte ka\u017ed\u00e9 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed. Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd vnit\u0159n\u00ed krok zp\u011bt m\u00e1 \u010dasto siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek ne\u017e jak\u00fdkoli protin\u00e1zor.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Co z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 jako pozitivn\u00ed v\u00fdhled?<\/strong><br \/>\nJe\u0161t\u011b nikdy nebylo tak snadn\u00e9 dos\u00e1hnout r\u016fzn\u00fdch perspektiv. Propaganda ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svou s\u00edlu, kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 v\u011bdom\u011b srovn\u00e1vaj\u00ed, zkoumaj\u00ed a ned\u011blaj\u00ed ukvapen\u00e9 soudy. Zralost dnes nen\u00ed stav, ale postoj - a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 klidn\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm nenechat se un\u00e1\u0161et.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-212 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-212 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-212\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"was ist der sinn des lebens? religionen, philosophen und helmut thielicke im vergleich\" data-id=\"6071\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft ki-systeme kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle erfahrungen gesundheit krisen k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz meinungsfreiheit pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, filozof\u016f a Helmuta Thielickeho<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Ot\u00e1zka smyslu \u017eivota\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? 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und so ging es mir lange selbst &#8211; war Propaganda etwas, das man aus dem Geschichtsunterricht kennt. Ein Thema, das fest verortet schien: im Dritten Reich, vielleicht noch in der DDR, also in klar abgegrenzten, autorit\u00e4ren Systemen. Uns wurde vermittelt, dass Propaganda dort existierte, weil diese Systeme sie brauchten &#8211; und dass &#8230; <a title=\"Konference FileMaker 2025: Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, komunita a ne\u010dekan\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/filemaker-konference-2025-ki-komunita-a-necekana-udalost\/\" aria-label=\"\u010c\u00edst v\u00edce o FileMaker Konference 2025: AI, komunita a ne\u010dekan\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost\">\u010c\u00edst d\u00e1l<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4233,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":568,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,466,472],"tags":[444,481,475,482,426,476,429,484,478],"class_list":["post-4229","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-allgemein","category-gesellschaft","category-kunst-kultur","tag-denkmodelle","tag-energiepolitik","tag-europa","tag-geopolitik","tag-krisen","tag-meinungsfreiheit","tag-persoenlichkeitsentwicklung","tag-sicherheitspolitik","tag-spieltheorie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4229","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4229"}],"version-history":[{"count":28,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4229\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6144,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4229\/revisions\/6144"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4233"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4229"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4229"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4229"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}