{"id":4275,"date":"2026-01-05T08:05:02","date_gmt":"2026-01-05T08:05:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/?p=4275"},"modified":"2026-04-22T15:49:54","modified_gmt":"2026-04-22T15:49:54","slug":"svetovy-rad-zalozeny-na-pravidlech-a-mezinarodni-pravo-mezi-realitou-a-porusovanim-prava","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/svetovy-rad-zalozeny-na-pravidlech-a-mezinarodni-pravo-mezi-realitou-a-porusovanim-prava\/","title":{"rendered":"Sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo: mezi tvrzen\u00edm, skute\u010dnost\u00ed a poru\u0161en\u00edm pr\u00e1va"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let si v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1m, jak \u010dasto politici a m\u00e9dia hovo\u0159\u00ed o <em>\u201esv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c<\/em> se projedn\u00e1v\u00e1. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd spor mezi USA a Venezuelou tuto ot\u00e1zku znovu vynesl do pop\u0159ed\u00ed. D\u0159\u00edve se tento term\u00edn t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyskytoval, ale dnes se zd\u00e1, \u017ee jde t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o standardn\u00ed reflex: kdy\u017e se n\u011bkde n\u011bco stane, rychle se \u0159ekne, \u017ee mus\u00edme \u201ebr\u00e1nit pravidla\u201c. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 jsem nabyl dojmu, \u017ee ti sam\u00ed lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed se na tato pravidla zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 \u010dasto odvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed, se jimi sami u\u017e nec\u00edt\u00ed d\u016fsledn\u011b v\u00e1z\u00e1ni, kdy\u017e maj\u00ed pochybnosti. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tento rozpor m\u011b m\u00e1tl.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edm \u010dast\u011bji tyto term\u00edny sly\u0161\u00edte, t\u00edm v\u00edce se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt nejasn\u00e9. \u201eNa pravidlech zalo\u017een\u00fd\u201c zn\u00ed jasn\u011b, ale \u010dasto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00fd. A \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo\u201c se \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 jako mor\u00e1ln\u00ed pe\u010de\u0165, a\u010dkoli ve skute\u010dnosti jde o pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec - s podm\u00ednkami, omezen\u00edmi a mezerami. Rozhodl jsem se proto pod\u00edvat se na toto t\u00e9ma bl\u00ed\u017ee. Ne jako pr\u00e1vn\u00edk, ale jako \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd chce pochopit, \u010d\u00edm tento \u0159\u00e1d kdysi ve sv\u00e9 podstat\u011b byl - a v \u010dem spo\u010d\u00edvala jeho skute\u010dn\u00e1 s\u00edla.<!--more--><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-894 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-894 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed ot\u00e1zky sou\u010dasnosti<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-894\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"donald trump im system usa &#8211; herkunft, macht, medien und wirkung\" data-id=\"4271\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland digitales eigentum energiepolitik europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit portrait sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/donald-trump-v-usa-system-puvod-moc-media-a-vliv\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Donald Trump v syst\u00e9mu USA - p\u016fvod, moc, m\u00e9dia a dopady<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"561\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Donald Trump v syst\u00e9mu USA\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA-768x421.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA-18x10.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/donald-trump-v-usa-system-puvod-moc-media-a-vliv\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Donald Trump v syst\u00e9mu USA - p\u016fvod, moc, m\u00e9dia a dopady<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"digitales eigentum erkl\u00e4rt &#8211; 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kultur\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit sicherheitspolitik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/jak-vypadala-syrie-pred-valkou-kdo-dnes-vladne-co-to-znamena-pro-uprchliky-v-nemecku\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jak\u00e1 byla S\u00fdrie p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou? Kdo vl\u00e1dne dnes? Co to znamen\u00e1 pro uprchl\u00edky v N\u011bmecku?<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"S\u00fdrie a Dama\u0161ek\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/jak-vypadala-syrie-pred-valkou-kdo-dnes-vladne-co-to-znamena-pro-uprchliky-v-nemecku\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jak\u00e1 byla S\u00fdrie p\u0159ed v\u00e1lkou? Kdo vl\u00e1dne dnes? Co to znamen\u00e1 pro uprchl\u00edky v N\u011bmecku?<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"als ich mit einem roboter telefonierte &#8211; wie ki das telefon erobert und wie man sie erkennt\" data-id=\"5130\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft ki-systeme stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"datenschutz erfahrungen k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz prozesse\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/kdyz-jsem-telefonoval-s-robotem-jak-ki-ovlada-telefon-a-jak-ho-rozpoznat\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Kdy\u017e jsem telefonoval s robotem - jak um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence dob\u00fdv\u00e1 telefon a jak ji rozpoznat<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Telefonn\u00ed rozhovor s robotem s um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Telefonanrufe-KI-Werbung-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/kdyz-jsem-telefonoval-s-robotem-jak-ki-ovlada-telefon-a-jak-ho-rozpoznat\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kdy\u017e jsem telefonoval s robotem - jak um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence dob\u00fdv\u00e1 telefon a jak ji rozpoznat<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu<\/h2>\n<p><strong>17.03.2026<\/strong>Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Donalda Trumpa o mo\u017en\u00e9m \u201ep\u0159evzet\u00ed\u201c Kuby op\u011bt vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Uprost\u0159ed v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 energetick\u00e9 a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krize na ostrov\u011b v podstat\u011b prohl\u00e1sil, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.faz.net\/aktuell\/politik\/usa-unter-trump\/donald-trump-deutet-moegliche-uebernahme-kubas-an-accg-200640042.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>s Kubou si m\u016f\u017ee \u201ed\u011blat, co chce\u201c.\u201c<\/strong><\/a> - formulace, kter\u00e1 jasn\u011b vyjad\u0159uje n\u00e1rok na politick\u00fd a ekonomick\u00fd vliv. Sou\u010dasn\u011b je Kuba pod obrovsk\u00fdm tlakem americk\u00fdch sankc\u00ed a faktick\u00e9 ropn\u00e9 blok\u00e1dy, zat\u00edmco paraleln\u011b prob\u00edhaj\u00ed rozhovory mezi ob\u011bma zem\u011bmi. Tato prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed se ocitaj\u00ed v rozporu s geopolitickou mocenskou politikou a z\u00e1sadou st\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenity podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_S9MXdLYgYkE\"><div id=\"lyte_S9MXdLYgYkE\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FS9MXdLYgYkE%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/S9MXdLYgYkE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FS9MXdLYgYkE%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nPrezident Trump a viceprezident JD Vance se \u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed podpisov\u00e9 akce, 16. b\u0159ezna 2026 | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@WhiteHouse\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">B\u00edl\u00fd d\u016fm<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Zejm\u00e9na na pozad\u00ed historick\u00fdch intervenc\u00ed v Latinsk\u00e9 Americe se tato r\u00e9torika jev\u00ed jako n\u00e1vrat ke star\u00e9 logice vlivu - s nejasn\u00fdmi, ale potenci\u00e1ln\u011b dalekos\u00e1hl\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\n<p><strong>05.03.2026<\/strong>: A proud <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/de\/iran-krieg-ist-die-rote-linie-der-un-\u00fcberschritten\/a-76226701\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>P\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek Deutsche Welle<\/strong><\/a> vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zku, zda <strong>V\u00e1lka v \u00cdr\u00e1nu<\/strong> p\u0159ekro\u010dila \u201e\u010dervenou linii\u201c mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Odborn\u00edci na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo poukazuj\u00ed na to, \u017ee vojensk\u00e9 \u00fatoky bez mand\u00e1tu Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN nebo bez jasn\u011b prokazateln\u00e9 sebeobrany jsou trestn\u00e9. <strong>z\u00e1sadn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem poru\u0161uj\u00ed z\u00e1kaz pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00fd stanov\u00ed Charta OSN.<\/strong> m\u016f\u017ee. Gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk OSN Ant\u00f3nio Guterres z\u00e1rove\u0148 varoval p\u0159ed nebezpe\u010dnou eskalac\u00ed a vyzval k n\u00e1vratu k diplomacii. Pozorovatel\u00e9 proto pova\u017euj\u00ed konflikt za dal\u0161\u00ed zat\u011b\u017ek\u00e1vac\u00ed zkou\u0161ku pro tzv. sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech. Kritici tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee vojensk\u00e9 akce bez jasn\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu by mohly dlouhodob\u011b oslabit d\u016fv\u011bru v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed instituce a pos\u00edlit dojem, \u017ee geopolitick\u00e1 mocensk\u00e1 politika m\u00e1 st\u00e1le v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ednost p\u0159ed platn\u00fdm pr\u00e1vem.<\/p>\n<p><strong>10.01.2026<\/strong>: Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed zpr\u00e1va z <a href=\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/wirtschaft-verantwortung\/trump-setzt-auf-kriege-li.10013299\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Berliner Zeitung<\/strong><\/a> dokumentuje, jak <strong>Donald Trump<\/strong> v jednom <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2026\/01\/08\/us\/politics\/trump-interview-power-morality.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Rozhovor s den\u00edkem New York Times<\/strong><\/a> vysv\u011btluje, \u017ee <strong><em>\u201enepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo\u201c<\/em><\/strong> a za jedinou hranici sv\u00e9 moci pova\u017euje vlastn\u00ed mor\u00e1lku - co\u017e je v\u00fdrok, kter\u00fd okam\u017eit\u011b vyvol\u00e1 vlnu politick\u00e9 debaty. Tento postoj se shoduje nejen s posledn\u00edmi vojensk\u00fdmi akcemi USA, jako je \u00fatok na Venezuelu a na. <strong>Zat\u010den\u00ed prezidenta Madura<\/strong>, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159edstavuje jasn\u00fd odklon od pravidel Charty OSN, kter\u00e1 zakazuje n\u00e1sil\u00ed mezi st\u00e1ty. Kdy\u017e dokonce jeden z p\u0159edn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f ve\u0159ejn\u011b prohl\u00e1s\u00ed, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je zbyte\u010dn\u00e9, je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, jak moc jsou normativn\u00ed pravidla v praxi pod tlakem. To podtrhuje, pro\u010d je dnes fundovan\u00e1 kategorizace mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kdykoli p\u0159edt\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p><strong>06.01.2026<\/strong>: V neobvykle ostr\u00e9m prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed pro Radu bezpe\u010dnosti OSN americk\u00fd ekonom <strong>Jeffrey Sachs<\/strong> pozvedl debatu o Venezuele na z\u00e1sadn\u00ed \u00farove\u0148. Sachs ozna\u010dil krizi nikoli za ot\u00e1zku jednotliv\u00fdch politick\u00fdch akt\u00e9r\u016f, ale za zkou\u0161ku mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va jako takov\u00e9ho. Odvol\u00e1val se na desetilet\u00ed americk\u00fdch intervenc\u00ed, zpochyb\u0148oval leg\u00e1lnost sankc\u00ed a pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly a nal\u00e9hav\u011b varoval p\u0159ed d\u016fsledky oslabov\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel OSN - zejm\u00e9na v dob\u011b jadern\u00e9ho odstra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Ji\u017e p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika t\u00fddny Sachs u\u010dinil podobn\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/jeffrey-sachs-varuje-nemecko-proc-je-treba-prehodnotit-bezpecnost-evropy\/\"><strong>Varov\u00e1n\u00ed v otev\u0159en\u00e9m dopise<\/strong><\/a> spolkov\u00e9mu kancl\u00e9\u0159i Friedrichu Merzovi, v n\u011bm\u017e se zab\u00fdval i mo\u017en\u00fdm poru\u0161en\u00edm z\u00e1kona.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_c2Ohmxfq0TE\"><div id=\"lyte_c2Ohmxfq0TE\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fc2Ohmxfq0TE%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/c2Ohmxfq0TE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2Fc2Ohmxfq0TE%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nZased\u00e1n\u00ed Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN o Venezuele: Jeffrey Sachs vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 OSN, aby se postavila | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@HT-Videos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Hindustan Times<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>05.01.2026<\/strong>Po kontroverzn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 operaci USA ve Venezuele, p\u0159i n\u00ed\u017e byl zat\u010den prezident Nicol\u00e1s Maduro a p\u0159evezen do USA, vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed a zejm\u00e9na n\u011bmeck\u00e1 debata o hodnocen\u00ed t\u00e9to operace nap\u011bt\u00ed. Zat\u00edmco americk\u00fd prezident Trump prezentuje operaci jako \u00fasp\u011bch v boji proti drogov\u00fdm kartel\u016fm a pro stabilizaci zem\u011b, kritici zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee takov\u00fd vojensk\u00fd z\u00e1sah je v rozporu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem. Tagesschau uv\u00e1d\u00ed v titulc\u00edch: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tagesschau.de\/kommentar\/usa-venezuela-deutschland-stellung-100.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em><strong>\u201eMerz mus\u00ed zaujmout jasn\u00e9 stanovisko\u201c<\/strong><\/em><\/a>. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da v Berl\u00edn\u011b vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 k racion\u00e1ln\u00edmu, politick\u00e9mu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch norem, zat\u00edmco r\u016fzn\u00e9 strany a akt\u00e9\u0159i reaguj\u00ed na akci odli\u0161n\u011b a vyz\u00fdvaj\u00ed k \u0161irok\u00e9 diskusi o roli N\u011bmecka a budoucnosti Venezuely.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed my\u0161lenka po sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch: po\u0159\u00e1dek prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pravidel, ne emoc\u00ed.<\/h2>\n<p>Pokud chcete pochopit, pro\u010d v\u016fbec existuje n\u011bco jako mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed instituce, mus\u00edte se vr\u00e1tit do minulosti. Po zku\u0161enostech ze dvou sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u00e1lek si mnoho st\u00e1t\u016f uv\u011bdomilo, \u017ee pokud je mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politika zalo\u017eena pouze na moci, emoc\u00edch a odvet\u011b, pravideln\u011b kon\u010d\u00ed katastrofou. Bylo tedy zapot\u0159eb\u00ed n\u011bco, co by konflikty omezilo - nikoliv t\u00edm, \u017ee by se lid\u00e9 stali \u201elep\u0161\u00edmi\u201c, ale t\u00edm, \u017ee se st\u00e1ty omez\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>To je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd bod: klasick\u00fd mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d nebyl koncipov\u00e1n jako mor\u00e1ln\u00ed sout\u011b\u017e o to, kdo je \u201eten hodn\u00fd\u201c. V j\u00e1dru \u0161lo o pragmatick\u00fd syst\u00e9m omezov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kod. St\u00e1ty z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed st\u00e1ty, maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy, soupe\u0159\u00ed a hraj\u00ed mocensk\u00e9 hry. M\u011bly by v\u0161ak tyto konflikty \u0159e\u0161it v r\u00e1mci, kter\u00fd zt\u011b\u017euje eskalaci. To je m\u00e9n\u011b heroick\u00e9, ale mnohem stabiln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Smlouvy jako z\u00e1klad: z\u00e1vazek nevych\u00e1z\u00ed z kr\u00e1sn\u00fdch slov<\/h3>\n<p>Stabilita tohoto \u0159\u00e1du je zalo\u017eena p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smlouv\u00e1ch. To zn\u00ed su\u0161e, ale je to rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi vn\u00edman\u00fdm a pr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem. Smlouva je nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1, proto\u017ee konkretizuje o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Zavazuje, i kdy\u017e se pozd\u011bji stane nepraktickou. To je pr\u00e1v\u011b jej\u00ed \u00fa\u010del.<\/p>\n<p>V praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se st\u00e1ty dohodnou na pravidlech, dobrovoln\u011b je p\u0159ijmou a vytvo\u0159\u00ed tak p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost. To je skute\u010dn\u00e1 m\u011bna mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du: ne sympatie, ne mor\u00e1ln\u00ed nad\u0159azenost, ale spolehlivost. Pokud jako st\u00e1t v\u00edm, \u017ee druh\u00fd st\u00e1t bude sv\u00e9 dohody dodr\u017eovat, mohu pl\u00e1novat, deeskalovat a vyjedn\u00e1vat. Pokud se na to ji\u017e nemohu spolehnout, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se ve\u0161ker\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed s\u00e1zkou - a s\u00e1zky jsou \u0161patnou n\u00e1hradou spravedlnosti.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d se to zd\u00e1 tak \u201estarom\u00f3dn\u00ed\u201c - a pro\u010d je to tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9?<\/h3>\n<p>Tato smluvn\u00ed logika se dnes zd\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 starom\u00f3dn\u00ed, proto\u017ee nezn\u00ed jako titulek. Je pomal\u00e1, byrokratick\u00e1 a \u010dasto nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1. Mus\u00edte vyjedn\u00e1vat, p\u0159ij\u00edmat kompromisy, n\u011bkdy dokonce spolknout v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 vlastn\u011b odm\u00edt\u00e1te. Ale pr\u00e1v\u011b tak se tradi\u010dn\u011b vytv\u00e1\u0159ela mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed stabilita: ne prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm mor\u00e1ln\u00edch deklarac\u00ed, ale tvrd\u00fdch a jasn\u00fdch dohod.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eP\u0159\u00edkaz\u201c je p\u0159\u00edkazem pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e plat\u00ed v t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch chv\u00edl\u00edch. Pokud pravidla plat\u00ed jen tak dlouho, dokud jsou v\u00fdhodn\u00e1, nejsou to pravidla, ale situa\u010dn\u00ed argumenty. A jakmile si to ostatn\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di uv\u011bdom\u00ed, cel\u00e1 logika se posune:<\/p>\n<p>Pak u\u017e se ot\u00e1zka nepokl\u00e1d\u00e1 <em>\u201eCo bylo dohodnuto?\u201c<\/em>, ale <em>\u201eCo mi m\u016f\u017ee proj\u00edt?\u201c<\/em>.<\/p>\n<h3>Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f: ne sv\u011btov\u00fd st\u00e1t, ale spole\u010dn\u00fd referen\u010dn\u00ed bod<\/h3>\n<p>Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 logiky je i role Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f. Mnoz\u00ed od OSN o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee se stane jakousi glob\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1dou. Nen\u00ed tomu tak. OSN je sp\u00ed\u0161e r\u00e1mcem, v n\u011bm\u017e spolu st\u00e1ty hovo\u0159\u00ed, formuluj\u00ed pravidla a - v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b - kontrolovan\u011b \u0159e\u0161\u00ed konflikty. Nenahrazuj\u00ed n\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy, nenut\u00ed st\u00e1ty automaticky k rozumn\u00e9mu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed v\u0161ak n\u011bco, co bez nich t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy chyb\u00ed: spole\u010dn\u00fd referen\u010dn\u00ed bod.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je, \u017ee OSN nen\u00ed \u201edobr\u00e1\u201c proto, \u017ee je mor\u00e1ln\u011b nad\u0159azen\u00e1, ale proto, \u017ee nab\u00edz\u00ed postupy. Postupy jsou \u010dasto neromantick\u00e9, ale jsou j\u00e1drem pr\u00e1va. Tam, kde postupy chyb\u00ed, nakonec rozhoduje moc. A i kdy\u017e jsou postupy n\u011bkdy zablokov\u00e1ny, rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 my\u0161lenka: konflikty by se nem\u011bly \u0159e\u0161it spont\u00e1nn\u00edmi \u00fadery, ale legitimizovan\u00fdmi postupy.<\/p>\n<h3>Rada bezpe\u010dnosti, pr\u00e1vo veta a realita: pro\u010d m\u00e1 konstrukce st\u00e1le smysl<\/h3>\n<p>Rada bezpe\u010dnosti OSN je dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak je tento syst\u00e9m ohro\u017een. Z dne\u0161n\u00edho pohledu se pr\u00e1vo veta st\u00e1l\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt nespravedliv\u00e9. Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska je v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 \u00fastupkem realit\u011b: bez velmoc\u00ed by po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce nevznikl \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m, do kter\u00e9ho by se v\u016fbec zapojily. Proto byla zvolena struktura, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed ide\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale kter\u00e1 p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm umo\u017e\u0148uje vytvo\u0159en\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 platformy.<\/p>\n<p>To je typick\u00e1 vlastnost klasick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du: nesna\u017e\u00ed se o to, aby byl sv\u011bt spravedliv\u00fd. Sna\u017e\u00ed se ho u\u010dinit zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u00fdm. A v\u00ed, \u017ee st\u00e1ty se najednou nestanou and\u011bly jen proto, \u017ee podep\u00ed\u0161\u00ed chartu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b i nedokonal\u00fd soubor pravidel m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek - pokud z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 strany v z\u00e1sad\u011b akceptuj\u00ed, \u017ee pravidla plat\u00ed, i kdy\u017e jsou ru\u0161iv\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Kdybyste to cht\u011bli shrnout do jedn\u00e9 v\u011bty, byla by to tato: klasick\u00fd mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d prosperuje d\u00edky tomu, \u017ee se st\u00e1ty zavazuj\u00ed. Ne proto, \u017ee by d\u00edky tomu vypadaly \u201el\u00e9pe\u201c, ale proto\u017ee z toho maj\u00ed dlouhodob\u00fd prosp\u011bch. Proto\u017ee ti, kdo p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed pravidla, vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru - a d\u016fv\u011bra sni\u017euje riziko, \u017ee se konflikty vymknou kontrole.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 probl\u00e9m, kter\u00fd budeme podrobn\u011b analyzovat v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitole: Jakmile je sebev\u00e1zanost nahrazena v\u00fdjimkami, jakmile se \u201epravidla\u201c stanou flexibiln\u00edm pojmem, kter\u00fd je reinterpretov\u00e1n v z\u00e1vislosti na situaci, z\u00e1klad se m\u011bn\u00ed. Pak u\u017e nejde o smlouvy a postupy, ale o interpretaci, narativy a moc.<\/p>\n<p>A pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto okam\u017eiku se pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d postupn\u011b op\u011bt st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0159\u00e1dem mocensk\u00fdm.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4282 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-vertrag.jpg\" alt=\"Smlouvy po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-vertrag.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-vertrag-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-vertrag-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-vertrag-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Co p\u0159esn\u011b je mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo? - Srozumiteln\u00e1 kategorizace<\/h2>\n<p>Pojem \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo\u201c se dnes \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, jako by \u0161lo o jak\u00fdsi glob\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kodex s jasn\u00fdmi paragrafy, soudci a bezprost\u0159edn\u00edmi d\u016fsledky. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato p\u0159edstava v\u0161ak pravideln\u011b vede k nedorozum\u011bn\u00edm - a zklam\u00e1n\u00edm. Je tomu tak proto, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo funguje z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem ne\u017e pr\u00e1vo uvnit\u0159 st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n<p>Dlouho jsem se c\u00edtil stejn\u011b jako mnoho \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016f: Neust\u00e1le sly\u0161\u00edte, \u017ee n\u011bco je \u201ev rozporu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem\u201c nebo \u201espad\u00e1 pod mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo\u201c, ale co to vlastn\u011b znamen\u00e1, \u010dasto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00e9. Proto stoj\u00ed za to ud\u011blat krok zp\u011bt a pod\u00edvat se, co vlastn\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je - a co nen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bod na prvn\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b: \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd st\u00e1t neexistuje. A proto neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 centralizovan\u00e1 moc, kter\u00e1 by automaticky prosazovala mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed policejn\u00ed s\u00edly, kter\u00e9 by vyrazily, jakmile je n\u011bjak\u00e9 pravidlo poru\u0161eno. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd soud, jeho\u017e rozsudky by byly v\u017edy a v\u0161ude vykon\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo tedy nen\u00ed syst\u00e9mem p\u0159\u00edkaz\u016f, ale regula\u010dn\u00edm r\u00e1mcem. Je zalo\u017eeno na tom, \u017ee suver\u00e9nn\u00ed st\u00e1ty p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed pravidla, proto\u017ee uznaly, \u017ee dlouhodob\u00e1 stabilita je pro v\u0161echny v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 sv\u00e9vole. To m\u016f\u017ee zn\u00edt k\u0159ehce - a tak\u00e9 je. Ale je to j\u00e1dro v\u011bci.<\/p>\n<h3>St\u00e1ty jako hlavn\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i<\/h3>\n<p>V mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu se pozornost nezam\u011b\u0159uje na jednotliv\u00e9 osoby, ale na st\u00e1ty. St\u00e1ty jsou subjekty pr\u00e1va. Uzav\u00edraj\u00ed smlouvy, uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed jurisdikce nebo je odm\u00edtaj\u00ed. To tak\u00e9 znamen\u00e1, \u017ee st\u00e1t se m\u016f\u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmu pr\u00e1vu alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b vyhnout - \u010dasto s politick\u00fdmi, ekonomick\u00fdmi nebo diplomatick\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky, ale ne automaticky s p\u0159\u00edmou donucovac\u00ed moc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo z\u00e1sadn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od pr\u00e1va vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00edho. V r\u00e1mci st\u00e1tu je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nemo\u017en\u00e9 vyhnout se pr\u00e1vn\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu, ani\u017e by \u010dlov\u011bk rychle \u010delil policii, soud\u016fm a sankc\u00edm. Na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni to funguje jen v omezen\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e - a pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je d\u016fv\u011bra tak z\u00e1sadn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed z\u00e1sady mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0159es v\u0161echny rozd\u00edly existuj\u00ed v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu n\u011bkter\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1sady, kter\u00e9 slou\u017e\u00ed jako z\u00e1klad ji\u017e po desetilet\u00ed. Jedn\u00edm z nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edch je <strong>St\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenita<\/strong>. Ka\u017ed\u00fd st\u00e1t je zpo\u010d\u00e1tku pova\u017eov\u00e1n za rovnopr\u00e1vn\u00fd a nez\u00e1visl\u00fd. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd st\u00e1t nesm\u00ed jin\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu jednodu\u0161e diktovat, jak se m\u00e1 vnitrost\u00e1tn\u011b organizovat.<\/p>\n<p>S t\u00edm \u00fazce souvis\u00ed <strong>Z\u00e1kaz n\u00e1sil\u00ed<\/strong>. Vojensk\u00e1 s\u00edla je v z\u00e1sad\u011b zak\u00e1z\u00e1na. To zn\u00ed jako samoz\u0159ejmost, ale z historick\u00e9ho hlediska je to obrovsk\u00fd \u00fasp\u011bch. Po stalet\u00ed byla v\u00e1lka legitimn\u00edm prost\u0159edkem politiky. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo se sna\u017e\u00ed omezit pr\u00e1v\u011b toto - ne dokonale, ale uznateln\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed z\u00e1sadou je <strong>Nevm\u011b\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed do vnit\u0159n\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed<\/strong>. Tato z\u00e1sada se dnes tak\u00e9 \u010dasto jev\u00ed jako k\u0159ehk\u00e1, ale pro pochopen\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1. Bez t\u00e9to z\u00e1sady by ji\u017e neexistovaly jasn\u00e9 hranice mezi legitimn\u00ed kritikou a faktick\u00fdm uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00edm vlivu.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum d\u016fv\u011bry v politiku<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"b6a3c92cca330c073579a3b44bb45975\" data-pid=\"5130\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\"\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"ff3a70db2a\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"1\" data-uid=\"bc1e5880335e1a2a981b54de2ef6d6dc\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"1\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">Jakou d\u016fv\u011bru m\u00e1te v politiku a m\u00e9dia v N\u011bmecku?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"12\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[1]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[1]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"1\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Velmi vysok\u00e1 - pln\u011b d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uji ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm org\u00e1n\u016fm<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"2\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"29\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[2]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[2]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"2\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">St\u0159edn\u00ed - Jsem opatrn\u00fd, ale ne z\u00e1sadn\u011b podez\u0159\u00edvav\u00fd.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"3\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"58\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[3]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[3]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"3\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">N\u00edzk\u00e1 - mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed si kontroluji s\u00e1m<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"4\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"260\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[4]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[4]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"4\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed - domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 je zast\u0159en\u00e9 nebo zinscenovan\u00e9.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#1636f0; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Hlasujte na<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"cs\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>V\u00fdjimky, kter\u00e9 zat\u011b\u017euj\u00ed syst\u00e9m<\/h3>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo samoz\u0159ejm\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1 i v\u00fdjimky. Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z nich je <strong>Pr\u00e1vo na sebeobranu<\/strong>. Pokud je st\u00e1t napaden, m\u016f\u017ee se br\u00e1nit. Existuj\u00ed tak\u00e9 vojensk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed s mand\u00e1tem OSN, jako je udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edru nebo zadr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed konflikt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9mem se st\u00e1v\u00e1, pokud jsou v\u00fdjimky roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159eny nebo reinterpretov\u00e1ny. Nap\u0159\u00edklad humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervence jsou \u010dasto p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00e9 z mor\u00e1ln\u00edho hlediska, ale z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska se pohybuj\u00ed v \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b. \u010c\u00edm \u010dast\u011bji se takov\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky uplat\u0148uj\u00ed bez jasn\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu, t\u00edm v\u00edce se m\u011bn\u00ed charakter mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va: ze souboru pravidel se st\u00e1v\u00e1 soubor argument\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00daloha Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f jako pr\u00e1vn\u00edho referen\u010dn\u00edho bodu<\/h3>\n<p>Organizace spojen\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f nen\u00ed v\u0161emocn\u00fdm akt\u00e9rem mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, ale je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm referen\u010dn\u00edm bodem. Nab\u00edz\u00ed f\u00f3ra, postupy a instituce, jejich\u017e prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm lze formulovat pravidla, projedn\u00e1vat konflikty a - alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b - pr\u00e1vn\u011b je posuzovat. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd st\u00e1t, maj\u00ed tyto spole\u010dn\u00e9 struktury z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v\u00fdznam.<\/p>\n<p>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si to uv\u011bdomit: OSN nenahrazuje mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, ale strukturuje ho. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed r\u00e1mec, v n\u011bm\u017e se legitimita st\u00e1v\u00e1 viditelnou. Pokud se na vojensk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed vztahuj\u00ed mand\u00e1ty OSN, jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1na za l\u00e9pe chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e1 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem - ne nutn\u011b jako mor\u00e1ln\u011b nad\u0159azen\u00e1, ale jako form\u00e1ln\u011b legitimizovan\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h3>Soudy bez donucovac\u00ed pravomoci<\/h3>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo zahrnuje tak\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed soudy, jako je Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed soudn\u00ed dv\u016fr nebo Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed trestn\u00ed soud. Tyto instituce hraj\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eitou roli p\u0159i v\u00fdkladu a dal\u0161\u00edm rozvoji mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Jejich vliv v\u0161ak do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, zda st\u00e1ty uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed jejich jurisdikci.<\/p>\n<p>I zde se ukazuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed logika: pr\u00e1vo nevznik\u00e1 pouhou existenc\u00ed instituce, ale p\u0159ijet\u00edm. Soud m\u016f\u017ee vyn\u00e9st rozsudek - ale bez uzn\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 rozsudek politick\u00fd, nikoli nutn\u011b prakticky \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d to v\u0161echno funguje i tak - v\u011bt\u0161inou<\/h3>\n<p>Vzhledem k t\u011bmto nedostatk\u016fm vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 legitimn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka: Pro\u010d v\u016fbec n\u011bkdo dodr\u017euje mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo? Odpov\u011b\u010f je st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e1: Proto\u017ee alternativa je hor\u0161\u00ed. St\u00e1ty v\u011bd\u00ed, \u017ee prostor zcela bez pravidel a smluv je m\u00e9n\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u00fd, dra\u017e\u0161\u00ed a dlouhodob\u011b nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e nedokonal\u00fd soubor pravidel.<\/p>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nefunguje proto, \u017ee je dokonal\u00e9, ale proto, \u017ee stabilizuje o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed minim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnosti. A i kdy\u017e je poru\u0161eno, jeho poru\u0161en\u00ed \u010dasto vy\u017eaduje vysv\u011btlen\u00ed. U\u017e jen tato pot\u0159eba zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed je zn\u00e1mkou toho, \u017ee pravidla st\u00e1le funguj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tato my\u0161lenka je st\u011b\u017eejn\u00ed pro to, o \u010dem budeme uva\u017eovat pozd\u011bji: mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo neprosperuje na z\u00e1klad\u011b mor\u00e1ln\u00edho rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed, ale na z\u00e1klad\u011b vlastn\u00edho z\u00e1vazku a uzn\u00e1n\u00ed. Jakmile st\u00e1ty za\u010dnou pou\u017e\u00edvat pravidla pouze jako r\u00e9torick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed tato pravidla svou regula\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edlu.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde se p\u0159echod k takzvan\u00e9mu \u201esv\u011btov\u00e9mu \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9mu na pravidlech\u201c st\u00e1v\u00e1 vzru\u0161uj\u00edc\u00edm - a problematick\u00fdm. Pokud toti\u017e p\u0159estane b\u00fdt jasn\u00e9, jak\u00e1 pravidla plat\u00ed a kdo je ur\u010duje, p\u0159esouv\u00e1 se d\u016fraz z pr\u00e1va na v\u00fdklad. V n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitole se postupn\u011b pod\u00edv\u00e1me na to, co to konkr\u00e9tn\u011b znamen\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4283 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-UNO.jpg\" alt=\"Budova OSN v New Yorku\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-UNO.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-UNO-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-UNO-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-UNO-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Od smluvn\u00edho pr\u00e1va ke \u201esv\u011btov\u00e9mu \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9mu na pravidlech\u201c<\/h2>\n<p>Kdy\u017e si p\u0159e\u010dtete star\u0161\u00ed texty o zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice, v\u0161imnete si n\u011b\u010deho: Pojem \u201esv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c dlouho nehr\u00e1l v\u00fdznamnou roli. Mluvilo se o smlouv\u00e1ch, alianc\u00edch, Chart\u011b OSN, diplomacii, n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 o \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1du\u201c nebo \u201emezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>V ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku - zejm\u00e9na v posledn\u00edch letech - se v\u0161ak tento term\u00edn za\u010dal objevovat st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji. A \u010d\u00edm v\u00edce se pou\u017e\u00edval, t\u00edm v\u00edce se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee nahrazuje n\u011bco, co b\u00fdvalo jasn\u011bji ozna\u010deno.<\/p>\n<p>To nen\u00ed mal\u00fd jazykov\u00fd rozd\u00edl. Jazyk nen\u00ed v politice nikdy jen dekorac\u00ed. Term\u00edny jsou n\u00e1stroje. A kdy\u017e se najednou za\u010dne neust\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvat nov\u00fd term\u00edn, stoj\u00ed za to se na n\u011bj pod\u00edvat skepticky: Co nahrazuje? Co posouv\u00e1? A co \u010din\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b jasn\u00fdm, a\u010dkoli by to vlastn\u011b jasn\u00e9 b\u00fdt m\u011blo?<\/p>\n<p>Proto\u017ee \u201esv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c zn\u00ed na prvn\u00ed pohled pozitivn\u011b. Kdo by mohl b\u00fdt proti pravidl\u016fm? Probl\u00e9m je pouze v tom, \u017ee smlouvy a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo sice maj\u00ed sv\u016fj zdroj, ale \u010dasto nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, jak\u00e1 pravidla jsou t\u00edmto \u201esv\u011btov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na pravidlech\u201c m\u00edn\u011bna, kdo je stanovuje a jak maj\u00ed b\u00fdt vlastn\u011b prosazov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdy a pro\u010d tento term\u00edn vznikl<\/h3>\n<p>Tento term\u00edn se zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt modern\u00edm obalem pro n\u011bco, co je historicky star\u0161\u00ed: my\u0161lenku, \u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy by se nem\u011bly \u0159\u00eddit pouze hrubou silou, ale uzn\u00e1van\u00fdmi pravidly. V praxi se v\u00fdraz \u201ezalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1, kdy\u017e chcete h\u00e1jit n\u011bjak\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, ani\u017e byste se museli zavazovat ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm smlouv\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>D\u016fvod\u016f m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u011bkolik. Jedn\u00edm z nich je pohodlnost: je snaz\u0161\u00ed odvol\u00e1vat se na \u201e\u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c ne\u017e pracn\u011b vysv\u011btlovat, kter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed normy mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va plat\u00ed, kter\u00e9 v\u00fdjimky existuj\u00ed, kter\u00e9 mand\u00e1ty existuj\u00ed a kter\u00e9 ne. Druh\u00fd d\u016fvod je sp\u00ed\u0161e politick\u00fd: tento term\u00edn ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed prostor. Ti, kdo hovo\u0159\u00ed o \u201epravidlech\u201c, mohou zd\u016fraz\u0148ovat, co se jim v z\u00e1vislosti na situaci hod\u00ed - ani\u017e by to museli pom\u011b\u0159ovat s jasn\u00fdm textem.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem je n\u011bco, co by se dalo ozna\u010dit za r\u00e9torick\u00fd posun: Odklon od p\u0159esn\u00fdch zdroj\u016f k mor\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00edmu souhrnn\u00e9mu term\u00ednu. D\u00edky tomu jsou debaty rychlej\u0161\u00ed - ale tak\u00e9 m\u00e9n\u011b jednozna\u010dn\u00e9. A ve sv\u011bt\u011b v\u00e1lek, sankc\u00ed a intervenc\u00ed nen\u00ed nejasnost ne\u0161kodnou chybou, ale rizikem.<\/p>\n<h3>\u201eNa pravidlech zalo\u017een\u00fd\u201c zn\u00ed z\u00e1vazn\u011b - ale \u010dasto nen\u00ed definov\u00e1n.<\/h3>\n<p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem a \u201esv\u011btov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na pravidlech\u201c spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve zp\u016fsobu jeho zakotven\u00ed. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo m\u00e1 - alespo\u0148 v ide\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b - srozumiteln\u00fd z\u00e1klad: smlouvy, Chartu OSN, uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 z\u00e1sady, soudn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed praxi. M\u016f\u017eete se p\u0159\u00edt o to, jak si to vylo\u017e\u00edte, ale v\u00edte, na co se odvol\u00e1v\u00e1te.<\/p>\n<p>Se \u201esv\u011btov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na pravidlech\u201c je to \u010dasto jinak. Tento pojem je jen z\u0159\u00eddkakdy jasn\u011b definov\u00e1n. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se, jako by bylo jasn\u00e9, co se j\u00edm mysl\u00ed - a pr\u00e1v\u011b to vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jakousi jazykovou ml\u017enou z\u00f3nu. Pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, ale \u010dasto i pro ka\u017edodenn\u00ed politick\u00fd \u017eivot se pak st\u00e1v\u00e1 rozmazan\u00fdm:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jde o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo?<\/li>\n<li>Jde o pravidla z\u00e1padn\u00ed aliance?<\/li>\n<li>Jde o hodnoty?<\/li>\n<li>Jde o ekonomick\u00e9 normy?<\/li>\n<li>Nebo jde jen o po\u0159ad\u00ed, kter\u00e9mu d\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ednost mocn\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m nen\u00ed v tom, \u017ee chcete popsat objedn\u00e1vku. Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee tento term\u00edn je natolik flexibiln\u00ed, \u017ee se d\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pochybnost\u00ed v\u017edy upravit. A to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee se z n\u011bj vytr\u00e1c\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b to, o co pravidl\u016fm ve skute\u010dnosti jde: spolehlivost a ov\u011b\u0159itelnost.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdo ur\u010duje tato pravidla?<\/h3>\n<p>Tady to za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u00fdt opravdu zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 - a tak\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9. Pokud tvrd\u00edte, \u017ee existuje \u201esv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c, pak se mus\u00edte pt\u00e1t: Kdo o t\u011bchto pravidlech rozhodl? Kde stoj\u00ed? Kdo je legitimizoval? A kdo rozhoduje o tom, co je v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b sporu \u201ezalo\u017eeno na pravidlech\u201c?<\/p>\n<p>V klasick\u00e9m smluvn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je to alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u0161iteln\u00e9: st\u00e1ty uzav\u00edraj\u00ed smlouvy. Bu\u010f se k nim p\u0159ipoj\u00ed, nebo ne. Referen\u010dn\u00edm bodem je Charta OSN. Soudy a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed instituce vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed r\u00e1mec pro v\u00fdklad. Ne dokonal\u00fd, ale p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm srozumiteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Ve \u201esv\u011btov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9m na pravidlech\u201c, jak se \u010dasto objevuje v politick\u00e9 mluv\u011b, se t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b p\u0159esouv\u00e1: pravidla se najednou jev\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b jako spole\u010dn\u011b dohodnut\u00e9 normy a v\u00edce jako soubor o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed formulovan\u00fdch a prosazovan\u00fdch ur\u010dit\u00fdmi akt\u00e9ry. To se pak m\u016f\u017ee rychle p\u0159eklopit do tich\u00e9 hierarchie: N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed ur\u010duj\u00ed, co je \u201ezalo\u017eeno na pravidlech\u201c, a od ostatn\u00edch se o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee se jimi budou \u0159\u00eddit.<\/p>\n<p>To je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl. Proto\u017ee kdy\u017e u\u017e se o pravidlech nerozhoduje spole\u010dn\u011b, ale jsou de facto vykl\u00e1d\u00e1na a ur\u010dov\u00e1na jednou stranou, pak se pr\u00e1vo op\u011bt st\u00e1v\u00e1 politikou. A na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed sc\u00e9n\u011b je politika \u010dasto jen moc ve slu\u0161iv\u00e9m balen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Rozd\u00edl mezi pr\u00e1vem a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00edm<\/h3>\n<p>Na tomto m\u00edst\u011b je t\u0159eba jasn\u011b rozli\u0161ovat: pr\u00e1vo je n\u011bco, co lze testovat. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed je n\u011bco, \u010demu je t\u0159eba v\u011b\u0159it. Oboj\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ekr\u00fdvat, ale nen\u00ed to tot\u00e9\u017e.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo \u0159ekne: <em>\u201eTo je v rozporu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem\u201c<\/em>, m\u016f\u017eete - alespo\u0148 teoreticky - zkontrolovat, kter\u00e1 norma byla poru\u0161ena. M\u016f\u017eete se dohadovat, zda se uplatn\u00ed v\u00fdjimka. M\u016f\u017eete uv\u00e9st zdroje. Je to zdlouhav\u00e9, ale lze to racion\u00e1ln\u011b ov\u011b\u0159it.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e n\u011bkdo \u0159ekne: <em>\u201ePoru\u0161uje to sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c<\/em>, zn\u00ed podobn\u011b, ale \u010dasto je mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b hmatateln\u00fd. Okam\u017eit\u011b rezonuje s mor\u00e1ln\u00edm tlakem: Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo nesouhlas\u00ed, je rychle ozna\u010den za naru\u0161itele pravidel, pot\u00ed\u017eistu nebo dokonce nep\u0159\u00edtele po\u0159\u00e1dku. Kter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pravidlo bylo poru\u0161eno, v\u0161ak \u010dasto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1hadou. A pr\u00e1v\u011b to je nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9: tam, kde je zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed nejasn\u00e9, lze j\u00edm ospravedlnit t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cokoli.<\/p>\n<p>Zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 oblast, ve kter\u00e9 se mnoh\u00e9 debaty p\u0159evracej\u00ed. Ne proto, \u017ee by lid\u00e9 byli zl\u00ed, ale proto, \u017ee jazyk je v politick\u00e9 realit\u011b \u010dasto rychlej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e z\u00e1kon. A proto\u017ee je pohodln\u00e9 odvol\u00e1vat se na \u201e\u0159\u00e1d\u201c, ani\u017e by se otev\u0159en\u011b diskutovalo o konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed situaci.<\/p>\n<h3>Probl\u00e9m suverenity v\u00fdkladu<\/h3>\n<p>Interpreta\u010dn\u00ed suverenita znamen\u00e1, \u017ee ten, kdo ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 pojmy, \u010dasto ovl\u00e1d\u00e1 i diskusi. Kdy\u017e se \u201esv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c stane mor\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0161ifrou, nast\u00e1v\u00e1 situace, kdy akt\u00e9r ji\u017e pouze nejedn\u00e1, ale tak\u00e9 poskytuje hodnocen\u00ed sv\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. To je vid\u011bt na tom, jak \u010dasto se politick\u00e1 komunikace c\u00edt\u00ed: jedn\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed nejprve pr\u00e1vn\u011b kategorizov\u00e1no, ale je okam\u017eit\u011b mor\u00e1ln\u011b zar\u00e1mov\u00e1no. Jedn\u00e1n\u00ed je \u201enutn\u00e9\u201c, \u201ebez alternativy\u201c, \u201ena ochranu svobody\u201c, \u201ena zachov\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dku\u201c. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo klade ot\u00e1zky, je rychle pova\u017eov\u00e1n za naivn\u00edho nebo podez\u0159el\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto t\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u0161ak j\u00e1drem stabiln\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du: Jak\u00e1 pravidla plat\u00ed? Jak\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad? Jak\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost? Jak\u00e9 d\u016fsledky bude m\u00edt, kdy\u017e se tak budou chovat v\u0161ichni? Tyto ot\u00e1zky nejsou destruktivn\u00ed, ale tradi\u010dn\u011b to, co by d\u0159\u00edve bylo ch\u00e1p\u00e1no jako odpov\u011bdn\u00e1 kontrola.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se v\u0161ak interpreta\u010dn\u00ed suverenita stane siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jasnost, standard se zm\u011bn\u00ed: pak nez\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed tolik na tom, zda je n\u011bco pr\u00e1vn\u011b \u010dist\u00e9, ale na tom, zda to lze komunika\u010dn\u011b prodat jako \u201evyhovuj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c. A pokud lze p\u0159edpis pouze prodat, m\u00edsto aby byl ov\u011b\u0159en, je ve \u0161patn\u00e9m stavu.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d je tato zm\u011bna tak v\u00fdznamn\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0159echod od smluvn\u00edho pr\u00e1va k r\u00e9torice \u201ezalo\u017een\u00e9 na pravidlech\u201c m\u00e1 vedlej\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek, kter\u00fd se snadno podce\u0148uje: m\u011bn\u00ed procesy u\u010den\u00ed ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f. V mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztaz\u00edch se velmi pozorn\u011b sleduje, co se skute\u010dn\u011b d\u011bje - nejen to, co se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud st\u00e1t nebo aliance mluv\u00ed o pravidlech, ale vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 je podle situace, ostatn\u00ed se to nau\u010d\u00ed: Pravidla jsou flexibiln\u00ed. Nebo drsn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno: pravidla jsou takov\u00e1, jak\u00e1 si z nich mocn\u00ed ud\u011blaj\u00ed. A pokud je to pou\u010den\u00ed, vznik\u00e1 dominov\u00fd efekt. Proto\u017ee pak se st\u00e1v\u00e1 racion\u00e1ln\u00edm, aby se v\u0161ichni tak\u00e9 stali flexibiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi, aby tak\u00e9 vytv\u00e1\u0159eli narativy, aby tak\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvali pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3ny.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se \u0159\u00e1d nem\u016f\u017ee zhroutit n\u00e1hle, ale pomalu se rozpad\u00e1. Ztr\u00e1c\u00ed hrany. Ztr\u00e1c\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost. A v ur\u010dit\u00e9m okam\u017eiku si uv\u011bdom\u00edte, \u017ee a\u010dkoli st\u00e1le m\u00e1te jazyk \u0159\u00e1du, je za n\u00edm st\u00e1le m\u00e9n\u011b a m\u00e9n\u011b obsahu.<\/p>\n<p>Tato kapitola byla v podstat\u011b mostem: od star\u00e9 p\u0159edstavy, \u017ee \u0159\u00e1d se vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm smluv a postup\u016f, k modern\u00edmu jazyku, v n\u011bm\u017e jsou \u201epravidla\u201c \u010dasto sp\u00ed\u0161e tvrzen\u00edm ne\u017e ov\u011b\u0159iteln\u00fdm z\u00e1kladem.<\/p>\n<h3>OSN mezi ambicemi a realitou<\/h3>\n<p>80 let po vstupu Charty OSN v platnost je situace st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e1: V s\u00eddle OSN v New Yorku nepanuje oslavn\u00e1, ale znepokojiv\u00e1 n\u00e1lada. Mnohostrann\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd je zalo\u017een na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci a s\u00edle pr\u00e1va, je pod obrovsk\u00fdm tlakem. M\u00edsto z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch pravidel st\u00e1le v\u00edce p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 z\u00e1kon d\u017eungle. To je patrn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na v Rad\u011b bezpe\u010dnosti OSN, kde se s\u00edly s pr\u00e1vem veta navz\u00e1jem blokuj\u00ed a kde se nep\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed. Tuto krizi prohlubuj\u00ed masivn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed \u0161krty, jejich\u017e d\u016fsledky dopadaj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na chud\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b. A p\u0159esto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 OSN nepostradateln\u00fdm m\u00edstem - jedin\u00fdm m\u00edstem, kde se nad\u00e1le sch\u00e1zej\u00ed v\u0161echny st\u00e1ty sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n<p>Tuto situaci podrobn\u011bji rozeb\u00edr\u00e1 n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed video. V rozhovoru s odborn\u00edkem na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo Stephanem Wittichem z V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e9 univerzity je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, pro\u010d by OSN nem\u011bla b\u00fdt odeps\u00e1na navzdory politick\u00fdm blok\u00e1d\u00e1m a finan\u010dn\u00edmu oslaben\u00ed. Video osv\u011btluje nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi mocenskou politikou a pr\u00e1vn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem, kategorizuje roli mocnost\u00ed s pr\u00e1vem veta a jasn\u011b vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d si OSN zachov\u00e1v\u00e1 svou hodnotu, zejm\u00e9na v dob\u011b krize - nikoli jako dokonal\u00e1 instituce, ale jako posledn\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e1 platforma sv\u011btov\u00e9ho spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_vPAzBXvwoug\"><div id=\"lyte_vPAzBXvwoug\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FvPAzBXvwoug%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/vPAzBXvwoug\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FvPAzBXvwoug%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nOSN pod tlakem - 80 let pr\u00e1ce pro sv\u011btov\u00fd m\u00edr a lidsk\u00e1 pr\u00e1va | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ORFPodcast\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ORF Podcast<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Jak vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nahrazuje pravidla<\/h3>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 takzvan\u00fdm sv\u011btov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na pravidlech, nevyhnuteln\u011b naraz\u00ed na dal\u0161\u00ed t\u00e9ma: propagandu. \u010c\u00edm v\u00e1gn\u011bji se toti\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pojmy jako \u201epravidla\u201c, \u201ehodnoty\u201c nebo \u201e\u0159\u00e1d\u201c, t\u00edm v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdznam m\u00e1 interpretace a vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u010cl\u00e1nek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/metody-propagandy-historie-moderni-formy-a-jak-je-rozpoznat\/\"><em><strong>\u201ePropaganda: historie, metody, modern\u00ed formy a jak je rozpoznat\u201c<\/strong><\/em><\/a> ukazuje, jak p\u0159esn\u011b se takov\u00e1 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed, pro\u010d funguj\u00ed a pro\u010d jsou tak \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1 ve slo\u017eit\u00fdch politick\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch. Srozumiteln\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem vysv\u011btluje, jak se jazyk, opakov\u00e1n\u00ed a mor\u00e1ln\u00ed r\u00e1mov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k legitimizaci jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by bylo poskytnuto jasn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo \u010detl \u010dl\u00e1nek o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu, zde najde chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed spojen\u00ed mezi pr\u00e1vem, moc\u00ed a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm ve\u0159ejnosti.<\/p>\n<h2>Propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se a pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta d\u016fv\u011bry<\/h2>\n<p>Ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 diskusi se \u010dasto p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd rozd\u00edl: Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dek se z\u0159\u00eddkakdy rozpad\u00e1 proto, \u017ee by byla ok\u00e1zale poru\u0161ena pravidla. Mnohem \u010dast\u011bji doch\u00e1z\u00ed k n\u011b\u010demu subtiln\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu. Pravidla jsou ru\u0161ena, podkop\u00e1v\u00e1na nebo jednodu\u0161e obch\u00e1zena. Zd\u00e1 se to m\u00e9n\u011b dramatick\u00e9, ale z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska je to \u010dasto destruktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Otev\u0159en\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel je toti\u017e viditeln\u00e9, zraniteln\u00e9 a vy\u017eaduje vysv\u011btlen\u00ed. Na druhou stranu zru\u0161en\u00ed nebo obch\u00e1zen\u00ed se m\u016f\u017ee jevit jako form\u00e1ln\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, i kdy\u017e podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 ducha \u0159\u00e1du. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e1 ztr\u00e1ta d\u016fv\u011bry, kter\u00e1 st\u00e1le v\u00edce charakterizuje mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy.<\/p>\n<h3>Odstoupen\u00ed od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch dohod<\/h3>\n<p>V posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch st\u00e1le v\u00edce st\u00e1t\u016f - zejm\u00e9na z\u00e1padn\u00edch - odstupuje od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch dohod nebo fakticky omezuje jejich platnost. Smlouvy o odzbrojen\u00ed, dohody o kontrole zbrojen\u00ed, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed jurisdikce a mnohostrann\u00e9 dohody byly zru\u0161eny, pozastaveny nebo z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b oslabeny.<\/p>\n<p>To je \u010dasto form\u00e1ln\u011b p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9. Smlouvy obsahuj\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed o zru\u0161en\u00ed. St\u00e1ty od nich mohou odstoupit. Probl\u00e9m nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v samotn\u00e9m aktu vypov\u011bzen\u00ed, ale v kumulaci a sm\u011bru. Pokud \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed pil\u00ed\u0159e \u0159\u00e1du postupn\u011b odpadaj\u00ed, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nakonec form\u00e1ln\u00ed suverenita, ale st\u00e1le m\u00e9n\u011b spole\u010dn\u00e9 struktury.<\/p>\n<p>Pro ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b je to jasn\u00fd sign\u00e1l: z\u00e1vazek nen\u00ed povinn\u00fd. Ti, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00ed, mohou odstoupit. Ti slab\u00ed mus\u00ed doufat, \u017ee pravidla budou platit i nad\u00e1le.<\/p>\n<h3>Obch\u00e1zen\u00ed m\u00edsto otev\u0159en\u00e9 konfrontace<\/h3>\n<p>Je\u0161t\u011b problemati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e zjevn\u00e9 propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed je systematick\u00e9 obch\u00e1zen\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch pravidel. Nam\u00edsto jasn\u00e9ho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed: \u201eTato pravidla ji\u017e nedodr\u017eujeme\u201c, se konstruuj\u00ed nov\u00e1 od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed, roz\u0161i\u0159uj\u00ed se v\u00fdjimky nebo se nov\u011b interpretuj\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed normy.<\/p>\n<p>\u010casto se jedn\u00e1 o technickou, pr\u00e1vn\u011b slo\u017eitou a pro nez\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 osoby obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b pochopitelnou z\u00e1le\u017eitost. Term\u00edny jako \u201epreventivn\u00ed sebeobrana\u201c, \u201eroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy\u201c nebo \u201enov\u00e9 situace ohro\u017een\u00ed\u201c se pak pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed k posunu star\u00fdch hranic, ani\u017e by byly ofici\u00e1ln\u011b zru\u0161eny.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledek je stejn\u00fd: pravidlo z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na pap\u00ed\u0159e, ale ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svou z\u00e1vaznost. A pr\u00e1v\u011b to je pro \u0159\u00e1d nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e otev\u0159en\u00e9 p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed, proto\u017ee podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 jeho orientaci.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdy\u017e se postupy stanou nepodstatnou z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Postupy byly \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm prvkem klasick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. Rozhodnut\u00ed nem\u011bla b\u00fdt p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na spont\u00e1nn\u011b, ale v r\u00e1mci jasn\u00fdch postup\u016f. Mand\u00e1ty, konzultace, hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed - to v\u0161e m\u011blo zajistit, aby moc nebyla pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na sv\u00e9voln\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>V praxi se v\u0161ak na tyto postupy st\u00e1le v\u00edce nedb\u00e1. Jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za pomal\u00e9, obstruk\u010dn\u00ed nebo politicky nepraktick\u00e9. M\u00edsto toho se tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee je t\u0159eba \u201ezachovat akceschopnost\u201c. To zn\u00ed v\u011brohodn\u011b, ale posouv\u00e1 to m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko: d\u016fraz se ji\u017e neklade na z\u00e1konnost, ale na rychlost.<\/p>\n<p>Z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska to vede k nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 logice. Pokud se postupy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed po\u017eadovan\u00fd v\u00fdsledek, ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svou legitimiza\u010dn\u00ed funkci. Pak ji\u017e nejsou ochrann\u00fdm mechanismem, ale kulisou.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4284 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-kuendigung.jpg\" alt=\"Zru\u0161en\u00ed a ukon\u010den\u00ed smluv\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-kuendigung.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-kuendigung-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-kuendigung-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-kuendigung-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Naru\u0161en\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bry<\/h3>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d funguje pouze tehdy, pokud st\u00e1ty mohou p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee z\u00e1vazky maj\u00ed ur\u010ditou trvanlivost. D\u016fv\u011bra nevznik\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b sympati\u00ed, ale na z\u00e1klad\u011b opakovatelnosti. Ti, kdo se chovaj\u00ed spolehliv\u011b, se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00fdmi - i pro protivn\u00edky.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b tuto d\u016fv\u011bru naru\u0161uje ru\u0161en\u00ed, obch\u00e1zen\u00ed a pru\u017en\u00fd v\u00fdklad. Ne nutn\u011b okam\u017eit\u011b, ale kumulativn\u011b. Ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotliv\u00fd krok m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vysv\u011btliteln\u00fd. Celkov\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem je v\u0161ak atmosf\u00e9ra, v n\u00ed\u017e si nikdo nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt jist\u00fd, zda budou pravidla platit i z\u00edtra.<\/p>\n<p>To je problematick\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na pro men\u0161\u00ed nebo slab\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1ty. Ty jsou v\u00edce z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na pravidlech ne\u017e na moci. Kdy\u017e za\u017eij\u00ed, \u017ee i centr\u00e1ln\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di se st\u00e1le v\u00edce odpojuj\u00ed od \u0159\u00e1du, maj\u00ed \u010dasto na v\u00fdb\u011br jen mezi p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00edm se, nebo rezignac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politika se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed jednoduchou, ale \u010dasto podce\u0148ovanou logikou: chov\u00e1n\u00ed se kop\u00edruje. Nehodnot\u00ed se mor\u00e1ln\u011b, ale funk\u010dn\u011b. St\u00e1ty velmi pozorn\u011b sleduj\u00ed, co d\u011blaj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed - a jak\u00e9 to m\u00e1 d\u016fsledky.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud zru\u0161en\u00ed z\u016fstane bez n\u00e1sledk\u016f, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se atraktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm. Pokud je obch\u00e1zen\u00ed pravidel tolerov\u00e1no, st\u00e1v\u00e1 se mo\u017enost\u00ed. Vznik\u00e1 tak imita\u010dn\u00ed efekt, kter\u00fd postupn\u011b, nikoliv n\u00e1hle, rozpou\u0161t\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\n<p>Nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 je, \u017ee: Nikdo nemus\u00ed \u00famysln\u011b ni\u010dit \u0159\u00e1d. Sta\u010d\u00ed, aby st\u00e1le v\u00edce akt\u00e9r\u016f jednalo racion\u00e1ln\u011b a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se r\u00e9toricky odvol\u00e1valo na stejn\u00e1 pravidla. Nakonec z\u016fstane \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd existuje pouze v jazyce.<\/p>\n<h3>Objedn\u00e1vka jako n\u00e1kladov\u00fd faktor<\/h3>\n<p>Roli zde hraje je\u0161t\u011b jeden aspekt: pravidla n\u011bco stoj\u00ed. Stoj\u00ed man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed prostor, \u010das a n\u011bkdy tak\u00e9 politick\u00fd vliv. Pokud tyto n\u00e1klady nese ka\u017ed\u00fd, \u0159\u00e1d se vyplat\u00ed. Jakmile se v\u0161ak n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di za\u010dnou t\u011bmto n\u00e1klad\u016fm vyh\u00fdbat, dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed se ostatn\u00ed pod tlak.<\/p>\n<p>Pro\u010d bychom se m\u011bli omezovat, kdy\u017e u\u017e to ned\u011blaj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed? Tato ot\u00e1zka je lidsk\u00e1 - a politicky velmi \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e1. Vede k tomu, \u017ee sebeomezov\u00e1n\u00ed u\u017e nen\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako siln\u00e1 str\u00e1nka, ale jako nev\u00fdhoda.<\/p>\n<p>To p\u0159evrac\u00ed logiku \u0159\u00e1du. To, co d\u0159\u00edve vytv\u00e1\u0159elo stabilitu, se najednou zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt naivn\u00ed. A pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto okam\u017eiku za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1vrat k logice moci - nikoli z agrese, ale z p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tato kapitola tedy ukazuje struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 eroze. Pozornost zde nen\u00ed zam\u011b\u0159ena na jednotliv\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 operace, ale na prost\u0159ed\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je umo\u017e\u0148uje. Zru\u0161en\u00ed, vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se a klesaj\u00edc\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bra p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed p\u016fdu pr\u00e1v\u011b pro v\u00fdvoj, na kter\u00fd jsme se konkr\u00e9tn\u011b pod\u00edvali v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edm kroku.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud toti\u017e pravidla ztrat\u00ed svou z\u00e1vaznost, je jen ot\u00e1zkou \u010dasu, kdy se vojensk\u00e1 s\u00edla op\u011bt objev\u00ed jako b\u011b\u017en\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. Ne jako poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel, ale jako pragmatick\u00e1 mo\u017enost. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed na \u0159adu n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitola - kde se teorie st\u00e1v\u00e1 prax\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Vojensk\u00e9 akce bez jasn\u00fdch mand\u00e1t\u016f<\/h2>\n<p>Dosud jsme hovo\u0159ili o konceptech, principech a posunech. Nejpozd\u011bji v tuto chv\u00edli se v\u0161ak t\u00edmto t\u00e9matem ji\u017e nelze zab\u00fdvat abstraktn\u011b. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d se p\u0159ece neprojevuje v ned\u011bln\u00edch projevech, ale v konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch \u010dinech. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tam, kde se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 s\u00edla, se ukazuje, jak v\u00e1\u017en\u011b jsou pravidla skute\u010dn\u011b br\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdslovn\u011b se nejedn\u00e1 o mor\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch konflikt\u016f. Nejde ani o pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed vin\u00edk\u016f nebo poskytnut\u00ed jednoduch\u00fdch odpov\u011bd\u00ed. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho: jak\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka se uplat\u0148uj\u00ed - a plat\u00ed pro v\u0161echny stejn\u011b?<\/p>\n<p>V posledn\u00edch letech do\u0161lo k n\u00e1r\u016fstu vojensk\u00fdch akc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nejsou jednozna\u010dn\u011b kryty mand\u00e1tem OSN. Pat\u0159\u00ed mezi n\u011b leteck\u00e9 \u00fadery, c\u00edlen\u00e9 \u00fatoky, tajn\u00e9 operace nebo otev\u0159en\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost na ciz\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed - \u010dasto zd\u016fvod\u0148ovan\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edmi z\u00e1jmy, odstra\u0161en\u00edm nebo ochranou ur\u010dit\u00fdch hodnot.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edklady, jako jsou operace v S\u00fdrii nebo v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b akce v souvislosti s Venezuelou, ukazuj\u00ed opakuj\u00edc\u00ed se vzorec: pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00fd, je prezentov\u00e1n ve zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9 podob\u011b nebo je zcela ignorov\u00e1n. M\u00edsto toho se do pop\u0159ed\u00ed dost\u00e1v\u00e1 politick\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Pak se \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee \u201enebyla jin\u00e1 mo\u017enost\u201c, \u017ee jsme \u201emuseli reagovat\u201c, \u017ee jsme jednali \u201epreventivn\u011b\u201c nebo \u201ev z\u00e1jmu stability\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>Probl\u00e9m nen\u00ed v tom, \u017ee by st\u00e1ty cht\u011bly chr\u00e1nit sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy. To cht\u011bj\u00ed v\u017edycky. Probl\u00e9m je v tom, \u017ee pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec je st\u00e1le v\u00edce pova\u017eov\u00e1n za podru\u017en\u00fd - nebo za n\u011bco, co lze nahradit komunikac\u00ed, kdy\u017e se to nehod\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Hlavn\u00ed rozpor: vy\u017eadov\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel, jejich obch\u00e1zen\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Zde se obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b jasn\u011b projevuje vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozpor takzvan\u00e9ho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b se po ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1tech nal\u00e9hav\u011b po\u017eaduje, aby dodr\u017eovaly mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pravidla. Poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed hranic, vojensk\u00e1 eskalace nebo poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed smluv jsou ost\u0159e kritizov\u00e1ny - \u010dasto opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u011b. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b jsou vlastn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 akce pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady.<\/p>\n<p>Argumentace se \u010dasto \u0159\u00edd\u00ed stejnou logikou: poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel nen\u00ed ozna\u010deno jako poru\u0161en\u00ed pravidel, ale jako v\u00fdjimka, nutnost nebo zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnost. R\u00e9toricky se z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na stran\u011b \u0159\u00e1du, ale v praxi se nerespektuj\u00ed jeho z\u00e1kladn\u00ed principy.<\/p>\n<p>To je pro po\u0159\u00e1dek velmi problematick\u00e9. Pravidla p\u0159ece ne\u017eij\u00ed z toho, \u017ee se na n\u011b n\u011bkdo odvol\u00e1v\u00e1, ale z toho, \u017ee se dodr\u017euj\u00ed, kdy\u017e se v\u011bci stanou nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00fdmi. Ti, kdo pravidla vy\u017eaduj\u00ed pouze od ostatn\u00edch, vys\u00edlaj\u00ed jasn\u00fd sign\u00e1l: o t\u011bchto pravidlech se d\u00e1 vyjedn\u00e1vat - alespo\u0148 pro ty, kdo maj\u00ed dostate\u010dnou moc.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdo kontroluje inspektora?<\/h3>\n<p>V klasick\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu je tato ot\u00e1zka jasn\u011b zodpov\u011bzena. Moc je kontrolov\u00e1na, rozhodnut\u00ed jsou ov\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e1, postupy jsou transparentn\u00ed. V mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku je to obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale ne z\u00e1sadn\u011b nemo\u017en\u00e9. Mand\u00e1ty OSN, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed soudy a mnohostrann\u00e1 hlasov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou ur\u010deny pr\u00e1v\u011b k tomuto \u00fa\u010delu: omezit moc, nikoli ji legitimizovat.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud je v\u0161ak vojensk\u00e1 s\u00edla pou\u017eita bez t\u011bchto postup\u016f, vznik\u00e1 vakuum. Kdo pak rozhodne, zda bylo nasazen\u00ed opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9? Kdo vyvozuje d\u016fsledky, kdy\u017e byly p\u0159ekro\u010deny hranice? A p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm: kdo tyto d\u016fsledky vym\u00e1h\u00e1?<\/p>\n<p>V praxi je odpov\u011b\u010f \u010dasto n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: nikdo. Nebo p\u0159esn\u011bji: nikdo s dostate\u010dnou moc\u00ed. A pr\u00e1v\u011b tady se \u0159\u00e1d posouv\u00e1 zp\u011bt k syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd je zalo\u017een m\u00e9n\u011b na pr\u00e1vu ne\u017e na rovnov\u00e1ze moci.<\/p>\n<h3>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed signaliza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek t\u011bchto akc\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politika je u\u010d\u00edc\u00ed se syst\u00e9m. St\u00e1ty se navz\u00e1jem pozorn\u011b sleduj\u00ed. Nejen ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm skute\u010dn\u00e9 \u010diny. Pokud vojensk\u00e9 akce bez jasn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho z\u00e1kladu nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 d\u016fsledky, vznik\u00e1 precedens.<\/p>\n<p>Ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b z toho vyvozuj\u00ed sv\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry. Ne nutn\u011b ze zl\u00e9ho \u00famyslu, ale z racion\u00e1ln\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f. Pokud lze pravidla vykl\u00e1dat flexibiln\u011b, pokud jsou mand\u00e1ty nepovinn\u00e9, pokud moc efektivn\u011b nahrazuje pr\u00e1vo, pak je logick\u00e9, \u017ee tato pravidla hry p\u0159ijmou v\u0161ichni z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud to neud\u011bl\u00e1te, riskujete, \u017ee budete v nev\u00fdhod\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Postupn\u011b se objevuje nov\u00e1 normalita: v centru pozornosti ji\u017e nen\u00ed ot\u00e1zka \u201eCo je dovoleno?\u201c, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e \u201eCo je tolerov\u00e1no?\u201c. A tolerance nen\u00ed stabiln\u00edm z\u00e1kladem \u0159\u00e1du, ale kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdm stavem, kter\u00fd se m\u011bn\u00ed s pom\u011brem sil.<\/p>\n<h3>Dlouhodob\u00e9 po\u0161kozen\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bryhodnosti<\/h3>\n<p>Ztr\u00e1ta d\u016fv\u011bry je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b problematick\u00e1. \u0158\u00e1d z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, zda jsou jeho \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i vn\u00edm\u00e1ni jako d\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u00ed. D\u016fv\u011bryhodnost se nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi apely, ale d\u016fslednost\u00ed. Ti, kdo napom\u00ednaj\u00ed ostatn\u00ed, mus\u00ed sami jednat obzvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 opatrn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud se v\u0161ak vytvo\u0159\u00ed dojem, \u017ee se pravidla uplat\u0148uj\u00ed podle situace, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed jak\u00e1koli kritika ostatn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f na v\u00e1ze. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt obsahov\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e1, ale p\u016fsob\u00ed selektivn\u011b. A selektivita je nep\u0159\u00edtelem ka\u017ed\u00e9ho regula\u010dn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 toti\u017e protiargumenty:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201eD\u011bl\u00e1te to stejn\u011b.\u201c<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem je pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e1 eroze. Ne hlasit\u011b, ne ok\u00e1zale, ale postupn\u011b. Jazyk \u0159\u00e1du z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1, ale jeho j\u00e1dro se vytr\u00e1c\u00ed. Kone\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem je sv\u011bt, v n\u011bm\u017e mnoho lid\u00ed st\u00e1le mluv\u00ed o pravidlech - ale je st\u00e1le m\u00e9n\u011b ochotno je dodr\u017eovat.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d se nejedn\u00e1 o okrajovou z\u00e1le\u017eitost<\/h3>\n<p>N\u011bkdo by mohl b\u00fdt v poku\u0161en\u00ed odm\u00edtnout tento v\u00fdvoj jako b\u011b\u017enou mocenskou politiku. St\u00e1ty tak jednaly v\u017edy. Ale to je m\u00e1lo. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed rozd\u00edl spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee dnes ofici\u00e1ln\u011b \u017eijeme v \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd cht\u011bl pr\u00e1v\u011b toto chov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ekonat.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud se vojensk\u00e1 s\u00edla op\u011bt stane p\u0159ijateln\u00fdm prost\u0159edkem bez jasn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho r\u00e1mce, pak se nejedn\u00e1 pouze o recidivu, ale o struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed probl\u00e9m. Net\u00fdk\u00e1 se jednotliv\u00fdch konflikt\u016f, ale z\u00e1kladn\u00edho p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee pravidla by m\u011bla platit univerz\u00e1ln\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>A pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto bod\u011b vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, kterou se budeme zab\u00fdvat v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitole: Co to znamen\u00e1 pro budoucnost? \u017dijeme je\u0161t\u011b v \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9m na pravidlech - nebo u\u017e jsme se vr\u00e1tili do mocensk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 pouze jazyk pravidel?<\/p>\n<h3>Profesor Glenn Diesen a profesor Jeffrey Sachs: Venezuela jako varovn\u00fd sign\u00e1l<\/h3>\n<p>V dal\u0161\u00edm ned\u00e1vn\u00e9m videu Glenn Diesen diskutuje s americk\u00fdm ekonomem Jeffrey Sachsem o nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ud\u00e1lostech kolem Venezuely. Rozhovor se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na vojensk\u00e9 akce USA a zpr\u00e1vy o \u00fanosu prezidenta Nicol\u00e1se Madura.<\/p>\n<p>Sachs tyto ud\u00e1losti jasn\u011b ozna\u010duje za sou\u010d\u00e1st nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje, kdy se st\u00e1le v\u00edce nerespektuj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed hranice. Spole\u010dn\u011b diskutuj\u00ed o sign\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fa\u010dinku, kter\u00fd takov\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy maj\u00ed na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, a o tom, pro\u010d opakovan\u00e9 poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va dlouhodob\u011b podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 glob\u00e1ln\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Diskuse dopl\u0148uje p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy o trefnou, ale klidnou klasifikaci z mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho hlediska.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_PSUxKRPsM9E\"><div id=\"lyte_PSUxKRPsM9E\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FPSUxKRPsM9E%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PSUxKRPsM9E\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FPSUxKRPsM9E%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nJeffrey Sachs: USA za\u00fato\u010dily na Venezuelu a unesly prezidenta Madura | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@GDiesenDE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Glenn Diesen<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Kdy\u017e se Z\u00e1pad s\u00e1m stane precedentem<\/h2>\n<p>Jedna z nejchoulostiv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch, ale tak\u00e9 nejpot\u0159ebn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ot\u00e1zek zn\u00ed: Co se stane s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem, kdy\u017e se st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 se pova\u017euj\u00ed za jeho str\u00e1\u017ece, samy stanou poru\u0161ovateli pravidel? Tato ot\u00e1zka je nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1, proto\u017ee opou\u0161t\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u00fd mor\u00e1ln\u00ed prostor a konfrontuje se s pr\u00e1vn\u00ed realitou.<\/p>\n<p>Nejde o relativizaci poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va ze strany cizinc\u016f. Naopak. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo bere mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pravidla v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, je mus\u00ed pojmenovat i tam, kde byla poru\u0161ena \u201evlastn\u00ed stranou\u201c. Jinak se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo st\u00e1v\u00e1 politick\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem - a to je pr\u00e1v\u011b to, co odporuje jeho p\u016fvodn\u00edmu \u00fa\u010delu.<\/p>\n<h3>Operace NATO proti Svazov\u00e9 republice Jugosl\u00e1vie<\/h3>\n<p>Leteck\u00e1 v\u00e1lka proti Svazov\u00e9 republice Jugosl\u00e1vii v roce 1999 je st\u00e1le jedn\u00edm z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f vojensk\u00e9 akce z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f bez mand\u00e1tu Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN. NATO tehdy sv\u00e9 akce zd\u016fvod\u0148ovalo humanit\u00e1rn\u00edmi argumenty a pot\u0159ebou zabr\u00e1nit eskalaci situace v Kosovu.<\/p>\n<p>Z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va v\u0161ak tato mise z\u016fstala velmi problematick\u00e1. Neexistoval \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd mand\u00e1t OSN a z\u00e1kaz pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly stanoven\u00fd Chartou OSN byl z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b obch\u00e1zen. P\u0159i zp\u011btn\u00e9m pohledu mnoz\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed odborn\u00edci na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo tak\u00e9 neozna\u010dovali tuto operaci za \u201eleg\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c, ale nanejv\u00fd\u0161 za politicky motivovanou nebo mor\u00e1ln\u011b ospravedlnitelnou. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed: mor\u00e1ln\u00ed motivy nenahrazuj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo.<\/p>\n<p>Operace v Jugosl\u00e1vii se tak stala precedentem. Poprv\u00e9 otev\u0159en\u011b uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee vojenskou s\u00edlu lze pou\u017e\u00edt i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee jsou form\u00e1ln\u00ed postupy zablokov\u00e1ny - za p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee je dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e1 politick\u00e1 podpora. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tento sign\u00e1l m\u00e1 dopad i dnes.<\/p>\n<h3>S\u00fdrie: Trval\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost bez jasn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho z\u00e1kladu<\/h3>\n<p>Vojensk\u00e1 anga\u017eovanost z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f v S\u00fdrii se tak\u00e9 ji\u017e l\u00e9ta pohybuje v pr\u00e1vn\u011b sporn\u00e9 oblasti. Leteck\u00e9 \u00fadery, speci\u00e1ln\u00ed jednotky a vojensk\u00e1 infrastruktura byly a jsou v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech nasazov\u00e1ny bez souhlasu syrsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a bez jasn\u00e9ho mand\u00e1tu Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN.<\/p>\n<p>Od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed sahaj\u00ed od boje proti terorismu a\u017e po sebeobranu a stabilizaci regionu. Z politick\u00e9ho hlediska se tyto argumenty mohou zd\u00e1t v\u011brohodn\u00e9, ale z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed chybn\u00e9. P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm trval\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost na ciz\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed bez jasn\u00e9ho souhlasu nebo mand\u00e1tu zpochyb\u0148uje z\u00e1sadu st\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenity.<\/p>\n<p>I zde je patrn\u00fd vzorec: pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec nen\u00ed otev\u0159en\u011b pop\u00edr\u00e1n, ale protahov\u00e1n flexibiln\u00edm v\u00fdkladem. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee a\u010dkoli lze jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vysv\u011btlit, nen\u00ed jasn\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u011b legitimizov\u00e1no.<\/p>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdvoj kolem Venezuely<\/h3>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00e9 jsou sou\u010dasn\u00e9 akce v souvislosti s Venezuelou. Vojensk\u00e9 operace, tajn\u00e9 akce nebo p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy proti st\u00e1tn\u00edm subjekt\u016fm suver\u00e9nn\u00edho st\u00e1tu bez mand\u00e1tu OSN se obecn\u011b pohybuj\u00ed ve velmi \u00fazk\u00e9m r\u00e1mci mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va - a \u010dasto jej p\u0159ekra\u010duj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Bez ohledu na to, jak kdo hodnot\u00ed venezuelskou vnitropolitickou situaci: Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo neuzn\u00e1v\u00e1 obecn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo na vojenskou intervenci za \u00fa\u010delem prosazen\u00ed politick\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f nebo zm\u011bny vl\u00e1dy. Z\u00e1sahy tohoto druhu jsou proto z hlediska tradi\u010dn\u00edho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9, pokud se na n\u011b jednozna\u010dn\u011b nevztahuje sebeobrana nebo mand\u00e1t OSN.<\/p>\n<p>Zejm\u00e9na sou\u010dasn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady odhaluj\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9m: posuzov\u00e1n\u00ed je \u010dasto velmi rychl\u00e9, politicky zabarven\u00e9 a bez jasn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed kategorizace. To zt\u011b\u017euje st\u0159\u00edzlivou diskusi - a posiluje dojem, \u017ee se pr\u00e1vo sp\u00ed\u0161e obch\u00e1z\u00ed komunikac\u00ed, ne\u017e \u017ee by se skute\u010dn\u011b uplat\u0148ovalo.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d jsou tyto p\u0159\u00edklady tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Tyto t\u0159i p\u0159\u00edklady nejsou ojedin\u011bl\u00e9. Jsou to zlomov\u00e9 body. Ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotliv\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad posunul ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed toho, co je pova\u017eov\u00e1no za p\u0159ijateln\u00e9. Ne proto, \u017ee by v\u0161echna pravidla byla n\u00e1hle pozastavena, ale proto, \u017ee se v\u00fdjimky staly novou normou.<\/p>\n<p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159itom nen\u00ed, zda byly motivy \u201edobr\u00e9\u201c nebo \u201e\u0161patn\u00e9\u201c. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je, \u017ee postup - tj. pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec - se st\u00e1val st\u00e1le v\u00edce druho\u0159ad\u00fdm. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to dlouhodob\u011b podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 jak\u00fdkoli \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech.<\/p>\n<p>Pokud toti\u017e i z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 z\u00e1sahy bez jasn\u00fdch mantinel\u016f z\u016fstanou bez n\u00e1sledk\u016f, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed z\u00e1kon svou z\u00e1vaznost. Ostatn\u00ed akt\u00e9\u0159i to pozorn\u011b sleduj\u00ed - a vyvozuj\u00ed z toho vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011bry.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto p\u0159\u00edklady jsou jen \u0161pi\u010dkou ledovce. Ji\u017e nyn\u00ed v\u0161ak ukazuj\u00ed, pro\u010d diskuse o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu a \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9m na pravidlech nen\u00ed akademick\u00e1, ale vysoce praktick\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00fd precedent m\u011bn\u00ed pravidla hry - \u010dasto natrvalo.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdy\u017e geopolitick\u00e1 realita podrob\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo zkou\u0161ce<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/iransko-izraelsky-konflikt-proc-je-eskalace-konfliktu-strategickou-nocni-murou-zapadu\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-5217 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Izrael-Ir\u00e1n - strategick\u00e1 no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016fra\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Mnoh\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va a \u201esv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech\u201c se zpo\u010d\u00e1tku zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt abstraktn\u00ed. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed krize v\u0161ak rychle odhal\u00ed, jak velk\u00e9 je ve skute\u010dnosti nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi aspirac\u00ed a realitou. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto nap\u011bt\u00ed je v sou\u010dasnosti patrn\u00e9 v konfliktu mezi Izraelem, USA a \u00cdr\u00e1nem. Vojensk\u00e1 eskalace, vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 odvetn\u00e9 \u00fadery a strategick\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy znovu vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed ot\u00e1zku, jakou roli m\u016f\u017ee mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo ve st\u00e1le multipol\u00e1rn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b je\u0161t\u011b hr\u00e1t - a kde jsou jeho hranice. Ve sv\u00e9m nov\u00e9m podkladov\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/iransko-izraelsky-konflikt-proc-je-eskalace-konfliktu-strategickou-nocni-murou-zapadu\/\"><em><strong>\u201e\u00cdr\u00e1nsko-izraelsk\u00fd konflikt: Pro\u010d je eskalace konfliktu strategickou no\u010dn\u00ed m\u016frou Z\u00e1padu\u201c<\/strong><\/em><\/a> Analyzuji geopolitick\u00e9 pozad\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje a ukazuji, pro\u010d tento konflikt dalece p\u0159esahuje region\u00e1ln\u00ed krizi. Dot\u00fdk\u00e1 se z\u00e1kladn\u00edch ot\u00e1zek mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy moci.<\/p>\n<h3>Dal\u0161\u00ed kontroverzn\u00ed z\u00e1sahy podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va<\/h3>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background-color: #f0f0f0;\">\n<th>Zem\u011b (zem\u011b ur\u010den\u00ed)<\/th>\n<th>Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed (kr\u00e1tk\u00e9)<\/th>\n<th>Pro\u010d je to podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va kontroverzn\u00ed<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/americas\/legality-us-capture-venezuelas-maduro-focus-united-nations-2026-01-04\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Venezuela<\/a> <\/strong>(Operace k zat\u010den\u00ed Nicol\u00e1se Madura, 2026)<\/td>\n<td>Zastupov\u00e1n jako \u201eorg\u00e1n \u010dinn\u00fd v trestn\u00edm \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed\u201c \/ zat\u010den\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b obvin\u011bn\u00ed z drog a terorismu; \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed argumenty<\/td>\n<td>Podle \u0159ady odborn\u00edk\u016f na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nez\u00e1konn\u00e9: \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd mand\u00e1t OSN, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd souhlas Venezuely a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1 situace sebeobrany podle \u010dl. 51 Charty OSN; problematick\u00e9 tak\u00e9 z d\u016fvodu svrchovanosti a (p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9) imunity hlavy st\u00e1tu.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk\/documents\/CBP-8287\/CBP-8287.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">S\u00fdrie<\/a> <\/strong>(Leteck\u00e9 \u00fadery 2018 USA\/UK\/FR)<\/td>\n<td>Reakce na pou\u017eit\u00ed chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed; odstra\u0161en\u00ed, \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervence\u201c \/ ochrana civilist\u016f<\/td>\n<td>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd mand\u00e1t Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN; \u201ehumanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervence\u201c je v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu velmi sporn\u00e1 (nen\u00ed obecn\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na jako p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1 v\u00fdjimka); proto je \u010dasto kritizov\u00e1na jako poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kazu pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jcsl\/article-abstract\/18\/1\/59\/812500\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Libye<\/a> <\/strong>(2011)<\/td>\n<td>Rezoluce Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN 1973: Ochrana civiln\u00edho obyvatelstva \/ bezletov\u00e1 z\u00f3na (\u201eodpov\u011bdnost za ochranu\u201c).<\/td>\n<td>Na vstup se vztahoval mand\u00e1t OSN - je v\u0161ak kritizov\u00e1no, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed podpory\/operace \u0161ly nad r\u00e1mec mand\u00e1tu (p\u0159ekro\u010den\u00ed mand\u00e1tu, faktick\u00e1 stranickost\/logika zm\u011bny re\u017eimu).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/scholarship.law.cornell.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1783&amp;context=cilj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">P\u00e1kist\u00e1n<\/a> <\/strong>(\u00datoky dron\u016f, 2000\/2010)<\/td>\n<td>Boj proti terorismu \/ sebeobrana proti nest\u00e1tn\u00edm akt\u00e9r\u016fm<\/td>\n<td>Kontroverzn\u00ed z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va z d\u016fvodu naru\u0161en\u00ed suverenity bez jasn\u00e9ho souhlasu nebo transparentn\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho z\u00e1kladu; v n\u011bkter\u00e9 odborn\u00e9 literatu\u0159e hodnoceno jako protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed (zejm\u00e9na pokud neplat\u00ed argument \u201enecht\u011bj\u00ed nebo nemohou\u201c).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icj.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2003\/03\/Iraq-war-of-agression-press-release-2003-eng.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ir\u00e1k<\/a> <\/strong>(2003)<\/td>\n<td>Prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159edchoz\u00edch rezoluc\u00ed OSN, \u00fadajn\u00e9 zbran\u011b hromadn\u00e9ho ni\u010den\u00ed, obrana proti terorismu \/ bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed argumenty<\/td>\n<td>Hlavn\u011b proto, \u017ee neexistovalo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nov\u00e9 v\u00fdslovn\u00e9 rozhodnut\u00ed Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN o invazi; \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed bylo kritizov\u00e1no jako neudr\u017eiteln\u00e9 z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.icty.org\/en\/press\/final-report-prosecutor-committee-established-review-nato-bombing-campaign-against-federal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Svazov\u00e1 republika Jugosl\u00e1vie \/ Srbsko<\/a> <\/strong>(V\u00e1lka v Kosovu, 1999)<\/td>\n<td>Humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed: Prevence\/zastaven\u00ed masov\u00e9ho poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, ochrana civiln\u00edho obyvatelstva.<\/td>\n<td>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd mand\u00e1t Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN a \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 klasick\u00e1 situace sebeobrany; proto je mnoh\u00fdmi odborn\u00edky na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za nez\u00e1konn\u00e9 pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly (\u201eneleg\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c, n\u011bkdy ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 jako \u201eneleg\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale legitimn\u00ed\u201c).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_invasion_of_Panama\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Panama <\/a><\/strong>(1989)<\/td>\n<td>Ochrana ob\u010dan\u016f USA, obrana demokracie\/lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, \u201ev\u00e1lka proti drog\u00e1m\u201c, ochrana smluv o kan\u00e1lech<\/td>\n<td>V\u0161eobecn\u011b kritizov\u00e1no jako poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kazu pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly: chyb\u00ed mand\u00e1t OSN; uveden\u00e9 d\u016fvody jsou podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 pro invazi; dolo\u017eeno mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed odsouzen\u00ed (v\u010detn\u011b Valn\u00e9ho shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed OSN\/OAS).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.un.org\/en\/A\/RES\/38\/7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grenada<\/a> <\/strong>(1983)<\/td>\n<td>Ochrana ob\u010dan\u016f USA (v\u010detn\u011b student\u016f), \u017e\u00e1dost region\u00e1ln\u00edch partner\u016f\/z\u00e1stupc\u016f vl\u00e1dy, stabilizace situace<\/td>\n<td>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00fd mand\u00e1t Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN; poru\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1kazu pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly\/\u00fazemn\u00ed svrchovanosti - Valn\u00e9 shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed OSN odsoudilo intervenci jako \u201ehrub\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed\u201c mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>Pro\u010d tento seznam obsahuje jen n\u011bkolik p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f<\/h3>\n<p>Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se v\u00e1\u017en\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 operacemi z\u00e1padn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f od druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, kter\u00e9 poru\u0161uj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nebo jsou z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va sporn\u00e9, rychle naraz\u00ed na praktick\u00fd probl\u00e9m: jejich po\u010det je velk\u00fd - a velmi r\u016fznorod\u00fd. V z\u00e1vislosti na definici, \u010dasov\u00e9m obdob\u00ed a vymezen\u00ed nehovo\u0159\u00edme o des\u00edtk\u00e1ch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f, ale o n\u011bkolika des\u00edtk\u00e1ch, n\u011bkdy dokonce o hodn\u011b p\u0159es sto vojensk\u00fdch intervenc\u00ed, tajn\u00fdch operac\u00ed, leteck\u00fdch \u00fader\u016f nebo st\u00e1l\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti na ciz\u00edm \u00fazem\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b toho existuj\u00ed mise, kter\u00e9 form\u00e1ln\u011b za\u010daly s mand\u00e1tem, ale pozd\u011bji byly pr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159ekro\u010deny, a tak\u00e9 konflikty, jako jsou vojensk\u00e9 akce Izraele v p\u00e1smu Gazy (Gaza \/ Izrael), kde je hodnocen\u00ed podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va velmi sporn\u00e9 a li\u0161\u00ed se podle jednotliv\u00fdch aspekt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b to je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9: mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo nen\u00ed jednoduch\u00e1 n\u00e1lepka. Na ot\u00e1zku \u201eleg\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c nebo \u201eneleg\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c lze jen z\u0159\u00eddkakdy odpov\u011bd\u011bt pau\u0161\u00e1ln\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 operace se jednozna\u010dn\u011b uskute\u010dnily bez mand\u00e1tu OSN, jin\u00e9 jsou zalo\u017eeny na sebeobran\u011b, dal\u0161\u00ed na humanit\u00e1rn\u00edch d\u016fvodech nebo p\u0159edchoz\u00edch rezoluc\u00edch. N\u011bkter\u00e9 jsou v\u011bt\u0161inou odborn\u00edk\u016f na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo klasifikov\u00e1ny jako nez\u00e1konn\u00e9, jin\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b, kter\u00e1 je sporn\u00e1 i mezi odborn\u00edky. \u00dapln\u00e1 souhrnn\u00e1 tabulka by tyto rozd\u00edly nevyhnuteln\u011b zaml\u017eila - a t\u00edm sp\u00ed\u0161e vytvo\u0159ila zmatek ne\u017e jasnost.<\/p>\n<p>Zde uveden\u00fd v\u00fdb\u011br je proto z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b omezen\u00fd. Jeho c\u00edlem nen\u00ed obvi\u0148ovat, ale pouk\u00e1zat na ur\u010ditou z\u00e1konitost: pravidla jsou v praxi opakovan\u011b protahov\u00e1na, obch\u00e1zena nebo selektivn\u011b uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na, a to i t\u011bmi st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 se pova\u017euj\u00ed za str\u00e1\u017ece mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo si tento vzorec uv\u011bdom\u00ed, l\u00e9pe pochop\u00ed, pro\u010d se dnes tak \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed term\u00edny jako \u201esv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c - a pro\u010d je tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je kriticky zpochyb\u0148ovat.<\/p>\n<h3>Od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va k logice eskalace: p\u0159\u00edpad nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/co-znamena-pokles-napeti-v-nemecku-a-jake-konkretni-dusledky-by-to-melo\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3002 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Spannungsfall-Deutschland-2025-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Nap\u00ednac\u00ed sk\u0159\u00ed\u0148 - N\u011bmecko-2025\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Spannungsfall-Deutschland-2025-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Spannungsfall-Deutschland-2025-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Spannungsfall-Deutschland-2025-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Spannungsfall-Deutschland-2025.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Pokud chcete pochopit, jak rychle se m\u016f\u017ee \u00fadajn\u011b stabiln\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zhroutit, mus\u00edte se sezn\u00e1mit s tzv. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/co-znamena-pokles-napeti-v-nemecku-a-jake-konkretni-dusledky-by-to-melo\/\"><strong>Pokles nap\u011bt\u00ed<\/strong><\/a> vypo\u0159\u00e1dat se s. Popisuje p\u0159echodnou oblast mezi m\u00edrem a otev\u0159enou v\u00e1lkou - pr\u00e1vn\u011b nejasnou, politicky velmi nebezpe\u010dnou. V t\u00e9to \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b se nap\u00ednaj\u00ed pravidla, p\u0159esouv\u00e1 se odpov\u011bdnost a p\u0159ipravuj\u00ed se vojensk\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed, \u010dasto bez form\u00e1ln\u00edho vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1lky.<\/p>\n<p>Tento p\u0159\u00edpad nap\u011bt\u00ed ukazuje, jak k\u0159ehk\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech v praxi, kdy\u017e se spoj\u00ed mocensk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed logika a politick\u00e9 narativy. Podrobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kategorizaci naleznete v odkazovan\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum mo\u017en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu nap\u011bt\u00ed v N\u011bmecku<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"6\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"6683a7dbec8b1cdf590744bc8b54302d\" data-pid=\"5130\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\".basic-yop-poll-container[data-uid] .basic-vote {\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"1b430581f9\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"6\" data-uid=\"eb44d3c6bfa6ae8b5ab5959875718bf4\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"7\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">Jak dob\u0159e se vy osobn\u011b c\u00edt\u00edte p\u0159ipraveni na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (nap\u0159. krizi nebo v\u00e1lku)?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"24\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"20\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[24]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[24]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"24\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Velmi dob\u0159e - m\u00e1m z\u00e1soby, znalosti a pl\u00e1n<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"25\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"38\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[25]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[25]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"25\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Docela dobr\u00e9 - trochu jsem o tom p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"26\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"62\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[26]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[26]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"26\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">T\u011b\u017eko - jen douf\u00e1m, \u017ee se nic nestane<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"27\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"14\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[27]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[27]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"27\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">V\u016fbec ne - z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b toto t\u00e9ma potla\u010duji.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"28\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"17\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[28]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[28]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"28\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Co je to vlastn\u011b \"pokles nap\u011bt\u00ed\"?<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Hlasujte na<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"cs\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Co to znamen\u00e1 pro budoucnost? - \u017dijeme je\u0161t\u011b v \u0159\u00e1du?<\/h2>\n<p>Velk\u00e9 ot\u0159esy se m\u00e1lokdy poznaj\u00ed podle toho, \u017ee n\u011bco n\u00e1hle zmiz\u00ed. Obvykle z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed stejn\u00e9 pojmy, ritu\u00e1ly, n\u011bkdy i instituce. Co se m\u011bn\u00ed, je vnit\u0159n\u00ed obsah. P\u0159esn\u011b to se v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b z\u0159ejm\u011b d\u011bje s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm \u0159\u00e1dem. Lid\u00e9 st\u00e1le mluv\u00ed o pravidlech, o pr\u00e1vu, o odpov\u011bdnosti - ale st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji se zd\u00e1, jako by tyto pojmy u\u017e nenesly to, co d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n<p>Nejde o dramatickou tezi, ale o post\u0159eh. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jasn\u00fd zlom, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed odklon od mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. M\u00edsto toho za\u017e\u00edv\u00e1me postupn\u00fd posun: odklon od z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch postup\u016f k flexibiln\u00edmu zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed. Odklon od jasn\u00fdch mand\u00e1t\u016f sm\u011brem k politick\u00fdm narativ\u016fm. A pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee tento proces prob\u00edh\u00e1 tak nen\u00e1padn\u011b, je tak obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 ho pochopit.<\/p>\n<h3>\u017dijeme op\u011bt v mocensk\u00e9 struktu\u0159e?<\/h3>\n<p>Vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: P\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eili jsme se ji\u017e k \u0159\u00e1du, ve kter\u00e9m je moc rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed ne\u017e pr\u00e1vo? Ne otev\u0159en\u011b, ne ofici\u00e1ln\u011b, ale prakticky?<\/p>\n<p>V klasick\u00e9 mocensk\u00e9 struktu\u0159e nen\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, co bylo dohodnuto, ale co je vymahateln\u00e9. Pravidla pak existuj\u00ed pouze jako doporu\u010den\u00ed nebo jako pom\u016fcka k argumentaci. Ti, kdo jsou dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00ed, je mohou natahovat nebo ignorovat. T\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou slab\u00ed, jsou p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1na. Z historick\u00e9ho hlediska se nejedn\u00e1 o v\u00fdjime\u010dnou situaci, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e o b\u011b\u017en\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad - se v\u0161emi zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi d\u016fsledky.<\/p>\n<p>Skute\u010dn\u00fd pokrok mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va spo\u010d\u00edval alespo\u0148 v omezen\u00ed tohoto b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu. Nikoliv jej zru\u0161it, ale zkrotit. Pokud se nyn\u00ed odstran\u00ed z\u00e1klad pro toto omezen\u00ed, chaos se automaticky nevr\u00e1t\u00ed. Nejprve se vr\u00e1t\u00ed n\u011bco jin\u00e9ho: nejistota.<\/p>\n<h3>Paradoxn\u00ed d\u016fsledek selektivn\u00edch pravidel<\/h3>\n<p>Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b paradoxn\u00ed je n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: \u010c\u00edm \u010dast\u011bji se pravidla uplat\u0148uj\u00ed selektivn\u011b, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b se mohou stabilizovat. Ti, kdo dovoluj\u00ed, aby se pravidla uplat\u0148ovala pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e vyhovuj\u00ed jejich vlastn\u00edm z\u00e1jm\u016fm, ni\u010d\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b to, \u010deho maj\u00ed pravidla dos\u00e1hnout - toti\u017e spolehlivost.<\/p>\n<p>To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dilema pro ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b. Pokud budou striktn\u011b dodr\u017eovat pravidla, riskuj\u00ed, \u017ee budou zneu\u017eity. Pokud se p\u0159izp\u016fsob\u00ed nov\u00e9 flexibilit\u011b, samy p\u0159isp\u011bj\u00ed k erozi \u0159\u00e1du. Oboj\u00ed je racion\u00e1ln\u00ed - a oboj\u00ed je z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska problematick\u00e9. To vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dynamiku, v n\u00ed\u017e se ned\u016fv\u011bra st\u00e1v\u00e1 rozumn\u00fdm postojem.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0158\u00e1d prosperuje d\u00edky sebeomezov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>\u010casto se podce\u0148uje, \u017ee po\u0159\u00e1dek se nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee kontrolujete druh\u00e9, ale t\u00edm, \u017ee omezujete sami sebe. To plat\u00ed v mal\u00e9m i velk\u00e9m m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. St\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 jsou p\u0159ipraveny dodr\u017eovat pravidla, i kdy\u017e jsou nepohodln\u00e1, vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru - a to i mezi protivn\u00edky.<\/p>\n<p>Toto sebeomezen\u00ed bylo v\u017edy z\u00e1kladem \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech. Nikdy nebyl dokonal\u00fd, nikdy nebyl zcela spravedliv\u00fd, ale m\u011bl jasn\u00fd sm\u011br. Pokud se tato ochota zmen\u0161uje, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nakonec jen z\u00e1kon d\u017eungle - i kdy\u017e je nad\u00e1le od\u011bn do jazyka pravidel.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00daloha ve\u0159ejnosti: br\u00e1t term\u00edny v\u00e1\u017en\u011b<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed aspekt je \u010dasto p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een: Roli hraje tak\u00e9 ve\u0159ejnost a m\u00e9dia. Kdy\u017e se nekriticky p\u0159ej\u00edmaj\u00ed pojmy jako \u201esv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c, ani\u017e by se kladla ot\u00e1zka po jejich konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm v\u00fdznamu, normalizuje se v\u00e1gnost. \u010c\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b je dotaz\u016f, t\u00edm snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je formulovat politick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed v mor\u00e1ln\u00edch term\u00ednech nam\u00edsto jejich pr\u00e1vn\u00edho zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Kladen\u00ed ot\u00e1zek by v\u0161ak bylo zn\u00e1mkou vysp\u011blosti: Kter\u00e9 pravidlo? Jak\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad? Jak\u00fd mand\u00e1t? A jak\u00e9 budou d\u016fsledky, pokud budou ostatn\u00ed st\u00e1ty postupovat stejn\u011b? Tyto ot\u00e1zky nejsou neloaj\u00e1ln\u00ed, jsou nezbytn\u00e9. Proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00edkaz, kter\u00fd ji\u017e nelze vysv\u011btlit, nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edkazem, ale tvrzen\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek tedy nekon\u010d\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011brem v tradi\u010dn\u00edm slova smyslu. Bylo by p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 snadn\u00e9 formulovat jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 obvin\u011bn\u00ed nebo nab\u00edzet rychl\u00e1 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Situace je slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed - a proto z\u00e1va\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 u\u017e ne\u017eijeme v \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta, kter\u00fd je jasn\u011b sv\u00e1z\u00e1n pravidly. Ale mo\u017en\u00e1 tak\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b ne\u017eijeme v \u010dist\u011b mocensk\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00edme n\u011bkde uprost\u0159ed - v p\u0159echodn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi, kdy se na star\u00e1 pravidla st\u00e1le odvol\u00e1v\u00e1me, ale jsou st\u00e1le m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u011b uplat\u0148ov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou nen\u00ed, jak tuto f\u00e1zi nazvete. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je, zda ji v\u016fbec rozpozn\u00e1te. Proto\u017ee jen ten, kdo rozpozn\u00e1, \u017ee pravidla eroduj\u00ed, se m\u016f\u017ee v\u011bdom\u011b rozhodnout, \u017ee je bude br\u00e1t znovu v\u00e1\u017en\u011b - nebo otev\u0159en\u011b \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee u\u017e je nechce.<\/p>\n<p>Oboj\u00ed by bylo poctiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e sou\u010dasn\u00e1 situace. Proto\u017ee \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd je pouze konstatov\u00e1n, ale ji\u017e nen\u00ed z\u00e1vazn\u00fd, nen\u00ed stabiln\u00edm z\u00e1kladem pro spole\u010dnou budoucnost. Je to slib bez odpov\u011bdnosti.<\/p>\n<p>A pr\u00e1v\u011b to by n\u00e1s m\u011blo p\u0159im\u011bt k zamy\u0161len\u00ed - bez ohledu na na\u0161e politick\u00e9 sympatie.<\/p>\n<h3>Kdy\u017e se pravidla st\u00e1vaj\u00ed mor\u00e1lkou - a mor\u00e1lka se st\u00e1v\u00e1 vylou\u010den\u00edm<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-5021 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\u010cl\u00e1nek <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\"><em><strong>\u201eZru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b\u201c<\/strong><\/em><\/a> roz\u0161i\u0159uje anal\u00fdzu sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech o vnitropolitickou perspektivu. Zat\u00edmco geopolitick\u00fd kontext je \u010dasto charakterizov\u00e1n normami, sankcemi a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edmi pravidly, tento \u00favodn\u00edk ukazuje, jak podobn\u00e9 mechanismy funguj\u00ed tak\u00e9 v z\u00e1padn\u00edch spole\u010dnostech. Z\u00e1kazy sportu, debaty na univerzit\u00e1ch, zm\u011bny v arm\u00e1dn\u00edm person\u00e1lu a sank\u010dn\u00ed seznamy EU nejsou nahl\u00ed\u017eeny izolovan\u011b, ale jsou sp\u00ed\u0161e kategorizov\u00e1ny jako v\u00fdraz struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed dynamiky. Pozornost se m\u00e9n\u011b soust\u0159ed\u00ed na rozho\u0159\u010den\u00ed a v\u00edce na ot\u00e1zku, jak mor\u00e1ln\u00ed komprese a reputa\u010dn\u00ed logika m\u011bn\u00ed debatn\u00ed prostor. Systematickou a diferencovanou anal\u00fdzu zde najde ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo chce pochopit, jak se zahrani\u010dn\u011bpolitick\u00e9 principy prom\u00edtaj\u00ed do spole\u010densk\u00e9ho diskurzu.<\/p>\n<h3>Otev\u0159en\u00fd dopis profesora Jeffreyho Sachse spolkov\u00e9mu kancl\u00e9\u0159i Friedrichu Merzovi<\/h3>\n<p>V debat\u011b o nov\u00e9m sv\u011btov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du je st\u00e1le jasn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnost a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed st\u00e1t nelze posuzovat odd\u011blen\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Americk\u00fd ekonom Jeffrey Sachs ve sv\u00e9 knize naz\u00fdv\u00e1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/jeffrey-sachs-varuje-nemecko-proc-je-treba-prehodnotit-bezpecnost-evropy\/\"><strong>otev\u0159en\u00fd dopis spolkov\u00e9mu kancl\u00e9\u0159i Friedrichu Merzovi<\/strong><\/a> historickou poctivost a diplomatickou proz\u00edravost nam\u00edsto jednostrann\u00e9 logiky eskalace, proto\u017ee bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed architektura, kter\u00e1 ignoruje opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy ostatn\u00edch, dlouhodob\u011b ni\u010d\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru a m\u00edr. Sachs varuje p\u0159ed normalizac\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 podkop\u00e1vaj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed normy a zpochyb\u0148uj\u00ed roli Evropy jako s\u00edly zaji\u0161\u0165uj\u00edc\u00ed po\u0159\u00e1dek. Akceptov\u00e1n\u00ed poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1va a eskala\u010dn\u00ed spir\u00e1ly ohro\u017euje nejen stabilitu, ale tak\u00e9 z\u00e1klady mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech - co\u017e je bod, kter\u00fd je v sou\u010dasn\u00fdch strategick\u00fdch debat\u00e1ch \u010dasto opom\u00edjen.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-895 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-895 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o um\u011bn\u00ed a kultu\u0159e<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-895\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"die krimtataren &#8211; geschichte, herkunft und gegenwart eines vergessenen volkes\" data-id=\"4154\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/krymsti-tatari-historie-puvod-a-soucasnost-zapomenuteho-naroda\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Krym\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i - historie, p\u016fvod a sou\u010dasnost zapomenut\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Krymsko-tatarsk\u00e1 step\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Krimtartaren-Steppe-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/krymsti-tatari-historie-puvod-a-soucasnost-zapomenuteho-naroda\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Krym\u0161t\u00ed Tata\u0159i - historie, p\u016fvod a sou\u010dasnost zapomenut\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"jan-josef liefers: ein portr\u00e4t \u00fcber haltung, herkunft und k\u00fcnstlerische freiheit\" data-id=\"3854\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; 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warum sichtbarkeit heute nicht mehr ausreicht\" data-id=\"3994\"  data-category=\"allgemein filemaker &amp; erp gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"datenlogik datenschutz denkmodelle digitales eigentum erp-software\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/dosah-neni-vlastnictvim-proc-dnes-jiz-nestaci-viditelnost\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Dosah neznamen\u00e1 vlastnictv\u00ed - Pro\u010d dnes u\u017e nesta\u010d\u00ed jen viditelnost<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Dosah vs. vlastnictv\u00ed\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/reichweite-vs-eigentum.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/reichweite-vs-eigentum.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/reichweite-vs-eigentum-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/reichweite-vs-eigentum-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/reichweite-vs-eigentum-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/dosah-neni-vlastnictvim-proc-dnes-jiz-nestaci-viditelnost\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Dosah neznamen\u00e1 vlastnictv\u00ed - Pro\u010d dnes u\u017e nesta\u010d\u00ed jen viditelnost<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem a \u201esv\u011btov\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem zalo\u017een\u00fdm na pravidlech\u201c?<\/strong><br \/>\nMezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo je historicky vznikl\u00fd, pr\u00e1vn\u011b zakotven\u00fd syst\u00e9m smluv, \u00famluv a uzn\u00e1van\u00fdch z\u00e1sad, kter\u00fd je zalo\u017een na form\u00e1ln\u00edm souhlasu st\u00e1t\u016f. \u201eSv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech\u201c naproti tomu nen\u00ed jasn\u011b definovan\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pojem, ale politick\u00fd term\u00edn. \u010casto se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 k popisu \u017e\u00e1douc\u00edho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by bylo p\u0159esn\u011b uvedeno, na kter\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed zdroje nebo smlouvy se odkazuje. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato v\u00e1gnost jej \u010din\u00ed problematick\u00fdm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d se v minulosti m\u00e9n\u011b mluvilo o sv\u011btov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9m na pravidlech?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee byl kladen v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed d\u016fraz na konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klady. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politika tradi\u010dn\u011b argumentovala smlouvami, rezolucemi OSN a z\u00e1sadami mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Koncepce sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9ho na pravidlech z\u00edskala na v\u00fdznamu teprve tehdy, kdy\u017e se tyto jasn\u00e9 odkazy st\u00e1le v\u00edce obch\u00e1zely nebo se st\u00e1valy politicky nepraktick\u00fdmi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo v\u016fbec z\u00e1vazn\u00e9, pokud neexistuje sv\u011btov\u00e1 policie?<\/strong><br \/>\nAno, ale jinak ne\u017e podle vnitrost\u00e1tn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo funguje na z\u00e1klad\u011b vlastn\u00edch z\u00e1vazk\u016f, mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, diplomatick\u00e9ho tlaku a dlouhodob\u00fdch z\u00e1jm\u016f. Nefunguje prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho n\u00e1tlaku, ale d\u00edky uv\u011bdom\u011bn\u00ed si, \u017ee poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel zp\u016fsobuje dlouhodobou nestabilitu - a to i pro samotn\u00e9 poru\u0161ovatele pravidel.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d tedy st\u00e1ty v\u016fbec dodr\u017euj\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo?<\/strong><br \/>\nP\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e1 pravidla jsou toti\u017e v\u00fdhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e trval\u00e1 nejistota. I pro siln\u00e9 st\u00e1ty je v\u00fdhodn\u00e9, kdy\u017e ostatn\u00ed v\u011bd\u00ed, na \u010dem jsou. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo sni\u017euje riziko eskalace, nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed a nekontrolovan\u00fdch reakc\u00ed - alespo\u0148 pokud je br\u00e1no v\u00e1\u017en\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Co p\u0159esn\u011b znamen\u00e1 z\u00e1kaz n\u00e1sil\u00ed v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu?<\/strong><br \/>\nZ\u00e1kaz pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly obecn\u011b zakazuje pou\u017eit\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly mezi st\u00e1ty. V\u00fdjimky plat\u00ed pouze v p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b omezen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, nap\u0159\u00edklad v sebeobran\u011b nebo s mand\u00e1tem Rady bezpe\u010dnosti OSN. Cokoli, co jde nad tento r\u00e1mec, je p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska velmi sporn\u00e9.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d jsou humanit\u00e1rn\u00ed intervence podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va tak problematick\u00e9?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee se zdaj\u00ed b\u00fdt mor\u00e1ln\u011b v\u011brohodn\u00e9, ale nemaj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd obecn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo neuzn\u00e1v\u00e1 obecn\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo vojensky zas\u00e1hnout za \u00fa\u010delem n\u00e1pravy k\u0159ivd. Jakmile mor\u00e1ln\u00ed motivy nahrad\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed postupy, je z\u00e1kaz pou\u017eit\u00ed s\u00edly naru\u0161en.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Byla operace NATO proti Jugosl\u00e1vii v rozporu s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vem?<\/strong><br \/>\nZ pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska ano, proto\u017ee neexistoval mand\u00e1t OSN a nejednalo se o klasickou situaci sebeobrany. Dokonce i mnoz\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed odborn\u00edci na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo pova\u017euj\u00ed operaci za protipr\u00e1vn\u00ed, i kdy\u017e byla politicky nebo mor\u00e1ln\u011b obhajiteln\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je v\u00e1lka v Jugosl\u00e1vii tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm precedentem?<\/strong><br \/>\nUk\u00e1zalo se toti\u017e, \u017ee vojenskou s\u00edlu lze pou\u017e\u00edt i bez mand\u00e1tu, pokud existuje dostate\u010dn\u00e1 politick\u00e1 podpora. T\u00edm se otev\u0159ely dve\u0159e, kter\u00fdmi pozd\u011bji pro\u0161lo mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdjimek.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jsou v\u0161echny z\u00e1padn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 operace automaticky nez\u00e1konn\u00e9?<\/strong><br \/>\nNa n\u011bkter\u00e9 operace se vztahuje mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo, nap\u0159\u00edklad jasn\u00e9 mand\u00e1ty OSN nebo situace jasn\u00e9 sebeobrany. Probl\u00e9m nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v ka\u017ed\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 akci, ale v rostouc\u00ed ochot\u011b akceptovat nebo ignorovat pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3ny.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je situace v S\u00fdrii z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va tak kontroverzn\u00ed?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee vojensk\u00e9 akce Z\u00e1padu jsou tam n\u011bkdy prov\u00e1d\u011bny bez souhlasu syrsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy a bez mand\u00e1tu OSN. Uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e1 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed se pohybuj\u00ed v \u0161ed\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00f3n\u011b a nejsou jednotn\u011b mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1na.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je sou\u010dasn\u00fd z\u00e1sah proti Venezuele obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kritick\u00fd?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee vojensk\u00e9 nebo policejn\u00ed akce proti svrchovan\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu bez mand\u00e1tu OSN, bez souhlasu a bez jasn\u00e9 situace sebeobrany jsou podle klasick\u00e9ho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va nep\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9. Politick\u00fd \u00fasudek vl\u00e1dy nenahrazuje pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Co konkr\u00e9tn\u011b znamen\u00e1 \u201eselektivn\u00ed uplat\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pravidel\u201c?<\/strong><br \/>\nTo znamen\u00e1, \u017ee n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed hr\u00e1\u010di pravidla striktn\u011b vy\u017eaduj\u00ed, zat\u00edmco sami sob\u011b ud\u011bluj\u00ed v\u00fdjimky. V d\u016fsledku toho pravidla ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svou univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed platnost a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se n\u00e1strojem moci.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je to pro ostatn\u00ed zem\u011b probl\u00e9m?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee se z toho nau\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee o pravidlech se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b d\u00e1 vyjedn\u00e1vat. Pokud si je siln\u00e9 st\u00e1ty vykl\u00e1daj\u00ed pru\u017en\u011b, jsou ostatn\u00ed motivov\u00e1ni k tomu, aby \u010dinili tot\u00e9\u017e. To urychluje erozi \u0159\u00e1du.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je tedy sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na pravidlech jen zd\u00e1nliv\u00fd?<\/strong><br \/>\nNen\u00ed povinn\u00e9. Tento term\u00edn m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd, pokud poctiv\u011b odkazuje na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1vo. Problematick\u00fdm se st\u00e1v\u00e1, pokud slou\u017e\u00ed jako n\u00e1hrada konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch z\u00e1klad\u016f a odv\u00e1d\u00ed kritick\u00e9 dotazy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jakou roli v tom hraj\u00ed m\u00e9dia a ve\u0159ejnost?<\/strong><br \/>\nVelk\u00fd. Pokud jsou term\u00edny nekriticky p\u0159ej\u00edm\u00e1ny, ani\u017e by byl zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n jejich pr\u00e1vn\u00ed v\u00fdznam, vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se atmosf\u00e9ra, v n\u00ed\u017e politick\u00e9 narativy p\u0159eva\u017euj\u00ed nad pr\u00e1vem. Dosp\u011blost za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 p\u0159esn\u00fdmi ot\u00e1zkami.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Znamen\u00e1 kritika Z\u00e1padu automaticky relativizaci jin\u00fdch poru\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1va?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe, je to p\u0159esn\u011b naopak. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo bere mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, ho mus\u00ed uplat\u0148ovat univerz\u00e1ln\u011b. Selektivn\u00ed kritika podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost pr\u00e1va jako celku.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u017dijeme dnes st\u00e1le v \u0159\u00e1du sv\u011bta sv\u00e1zan\u00e9m pravidly?<\/strong><br \/>\nPravd\u011bpodobn\u011b se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v p\u0159echodn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi. Jazyk pravidel st\u00e1le existuje, ale jeho z\u00e1vaznost viditeln\u011b kles\u00e1. Uvid\u00edme, zda to povede k n\u00e1vratu k otev\u0159en\u00e9 mocensk\u00e9 struktu\u0159e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00fd by byl nejpoctiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zp\u016fsob, jak se s t\u00edmto v\u00fdvojem vypo\u0159\u00e1dat?<\/strong><br \/>\nBu\u010f znovu za\u010d\u00edt br\u00e1t pravidla v\u00e1\u017en\u011b a d\u016fsledn\u011b se jimi \u0159\u00eddit - nebo otev\u0159en\u011b \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1te \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na moci. Cokoli mezi t\u00edm vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed nejistotu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d \u010dl\u00e1nek kon\u010d\u00ed bez jasn\u00e9ho z\u00e1v\u011bru?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee neexistuj\u00ed jednoduch\u00e9 odpov\u011bdi. Hlavn\u00edm \u00fakolem nen\u00ed rozd\u011blit vinu, ale zost\u0159it vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Pouze ti, kte\u0159\u00ed rozpoznaj\u00ed, \u017ee se n\u011bco posouv\u00e1, se mohou v\u011bdom\u011b rozhodnout, jak s t\u00edm nalo\u017eit.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-896 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-896 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-896\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"apple mlx vs. nvidia: so funktioniert lokale ki-inferenz auf dem mac\" data-id=\"3461\"  data-category=\"apple macos filemaker &amp; erp hardware ki-systeme\" data-post_tag=\"apple datenschutz filemaker k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz llama llm mac mistral mlx ollama sprachmodell\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/apple-mlx-vs-nvidia-jak-funguje-lokalni-odvozovani-ki-na-macu\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Apple MLX vs. NVIDIA: Jak funguje m\u00edstn\u00ed odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence na Macu<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"M\u00edstn\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence na Silicon s Apple Macem\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lokales-Sprachmodell-apple-mac-studio.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lokales-Sprachmodell-apple-mac-studio.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lokales-Sprachmodell-apple-mac-studio-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lokales-Sprachmodell-apple-mac-studio-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Lokales-Sprachmodell-apple-mac-studio-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/apple-mlx-vs-nvidia-jak-funguje-lokalni-odvozovani-ki-na-macu\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Apple MLX vs. NVIDIA: Jak funguje m\u00edstn\u00ed odvozov\u00e1n\u00ed um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence na Macu<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"digitales eigentum erkl\u00e4rt &#8211; so entstehen nachhaltige online-verm\u00f6genswerte\" data-id=\"4766\"  data-category=\"allgemein b\u00fccher featured gesellschaft ki-systeme\" data-post_tag=\"buch datenbanken denkmodelle digitales eigentum erp-software k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz prozesse publishing\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/digitalni-majetek-vysvetlil-jak-se-vytvareji-udrzitelne-online-aktiva\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed - Jak se vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 online aktiva<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Co je digit\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnictv\u00ed\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Digitales-Eigentum.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Digitales-Eigentum.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Digitales-Eigentum-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Digitales-Eigentum-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Digitales-Eigentum-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/digitalni-majetek-vysvetlil-jak-se-vytvareji-udrzitelne-online-aktiva\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Vysv\u011btlen\u00ed digit\u00e1ln\u00edho vlastnictv\u00ed - Jak se vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 online aktiva<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"was ist der sinn des lebens? religionen, philosophen und helmut thielicke im vergleich\" data-id=\"6071\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft ki-systeme kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle erfahrungen gesundheit krisen k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz meinungsfreiheit pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, filozof\u016f a Helmuta Thielickeho<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Ot\u00e1zka smyslu \u017eivota\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, filozof\u016f a Helmuta Thielickeho<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz: welche jobs in gefahr sind, und wie wir uns jetzt wappnen k\u00f6nnen\" data-id=\"2940\"  data-category=\"allgemein b\u00fccher gesellschaft ki-systeme\" data-post_tag=\"buch k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz llama llm mistral mlx ollama ratgeber sprachmodell\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/umela-inteligence-ktera-pracovni-mista-jsou-ohrozena-a-jak-se-muzeme-vyzbrojit\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence: kter\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta jsou ohro\u017eena a jak se m\u016f\u017eeme vyzbrojit hned te\u010f<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Kter\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta budou v budoucnu zru\u0161ena um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed?\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/welche-jobs-fallen-durch-ki-weg.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/welche-jobs-fallen-durch-ki-weg.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/welche-jobs-fallen-durch-ki-weg-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/welche-jobs-fallen-durch-ki-weg-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/welche-jobs-fallen-durch-ki-weg-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/umela-inteligence-ktera-pracovni-mista-jsou-ohrozena-a-jak-se-muzeme-vyzbrojit\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence: kter\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta jsou ohro\u017eena a jak se m\u016f\u017eeme vyzbrojit hned te\u010f<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>U\u017e l\u00e9ta si v\u0161\u00edm\u00e1m, jak \u010dasto politici a m\u00e9dia hovo\u0159\u00ed o \u201esv\u011btov\u00e9m \u0159\u00e1du zalo\u017een\u00e9m na pravidlech\u201c. Sou\u010dasn\u00fd konflikt mezi USA a Venezuelou toto t\u00e9ma op\u011bt vynesl do pop\u0159ed\u00ed. V minulosti se tento term\u00edn t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nepou\u017e\u00edval, ale dnes se zd\u00e1, \u017ee jde t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 o standardn\u00ed reflex: kdy\u017e se n\u011bkde n\u011bco stane, rychle se \u0159ekne, \u017ee je t\u0159eba ... <a title=\"Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence: kter\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta jsou ohro\u017eena a jak se m\u016f\u017eeme vyzbrojit hned te\u010f\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/umela-inteligence-ktera-pracovni-mista-jsou-ohrozena-a-jak-se-muzeme-vyzbrojit\/\" aria-label=\"\u010c\u00edst v\u00edce o Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence: Kter\u00e1 pracovn\u00ed m\u00edsta jsou ohro\u017eena a jak se m\u016f\u017eeme vyzbrojit hned te\u010f\">\u010c\u00edst d\u00e1l<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4281,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":625,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,466],"tags":[444,470,475,482,426,484],"class_list":["post-4275","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-allgemein","category-gesellschaft","tag-denkmodelle","tag-eu-gesetze","tag-europa","tag-geopolitik","tag-krisen","tag-sicherheitspolitik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4275","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4275"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4275\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5836,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4275\/revisions\/5836"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4281"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4275"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4275"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4275"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}