{"id":4691,"date":"2026-02-02T06:15:48","date_gmt":"2026-02-02T06:15:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/?p=4691"},"modified":"2026-04-26T15:21:52","modified_gmt":"2026-04-26T15:21:52","slug":"co-je-a-co-neni-brics-historie-ekonomika-a-geopoliticke-cleneni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/co-je-a-co-neni-brics-historie-ekonomika-a-geopoliticke-cleneni\/","title":{"rendered":"Co je a co nen\u00ed BRICS: historie, ekonomika a geopolitick\u00e1 kategorizace"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Pokud se na \u010d\u00edsla pod\u00edv\u00e1te st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011b, budete si mnout o\u010di: dne\u0161n\u00ed zem\u011b BRICS tvo\u0159\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace. Miliardy lid\u00ed v t\u011bchto zem\u00edch \u017eij\u00ed, pracuj\u00ed v nich, vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed, spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed, buduj\u00ed infrastrukturu a utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed jejich budoucnost. Z hlediska po\u010dtu obyvatel, ekonomick\u00e9ho v\u00fdkonu (zejm\u00e9na z hlediska kupn\u00ed s\u00edly) a surovin nejsou v glob\u00e1ln\u00ed politice v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b okrajov\u00fdm jevem. A p\u0159esto hraj\u00ed zem\u011b BRICS v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm zpravodajstv\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed obvykle jen podru\u017enou roli - \u010dasto se omezuj\u00ed na jednotliv\u00e9 ud\u00e1losti, konflikty nebo m\u00f3dn\u00ed slova.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b k tomu slou\u017e\u00ed tento \u010dl\u00e1nek. Ne proto, abychom oslavovali nebo obhajovali BRICS, ale abychom pochopili, co se za touto zkratkou skr\u00fdv\u00e1, jak vznikla a pro\u010d dnes hraje roli, kterou nelze jednodu\u0161e ignorovat.<!--more--><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-120 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-120 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed ot\u00e1zky sou\u010dasnosti<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-120\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"b\u00fccher mit tiefgang zu medizin, pers\u00f6nlichkeit und technik beim m. schall verlag\" data-id=\"2401\"  data-category=\"allgemein b\u00fccher gesellschaft gesundheit\" data-post_tag=\"buch cmd datenbanken krisen pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung verlag\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/07\/hloubkove-knihy-o-lekarske-osobnosti-a-technice-v-nakladatelstvi-m-schall-verlag\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Podrobn\u00e9 knihy o medic\u00edn\u011b, osobnosti a technice z nakladatelstv\u00ed M. Schall Verlag<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"2400\" height=\"1260\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Schall Verlag - Knihy s obsahem\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv.jpg 2400w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv-300x158.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv-1024x538.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv-768x403.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv-1536x806.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv-2048x1075.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/image-sv-18x9.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/07\/hloubkove-knihy-o-lekarske-osobnosti-a-technice-v-nakladatelstvi-m-schall-verlag\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Podrobn\u00e9 knihy o medic\u00edn\u011b, osobnosti a technice z nakladatelstv\u00ed M. Schall Verlag<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"jan-josef liefers: ein portr\u00e4t \u00fcber haltung, herkunft und k\u00fcnstlerische freiheit\" data-id=\"3854\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland erfahrungen krisen lernen meinungsfreiheit musik pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/jan-josef-liefers-portret-postoje-puvodu-a-umelecke-svobody\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jan-Josef Liefers: Portr\u00e9t postoje, p\u016fvodu a um\u011bleck\u00e9 svobody<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Jan-Josef Liefers\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/jan-josef-liefers-portret-postoje-puvodu-a-umelecke-svobody\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jan-Josef Liefers: Portr\u00e9t postoje, p\u016fvodu a um\u011bleck\u00e9 svobody<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"die digitale id der eu: verkn\u00fcpfung, kontrolle und risiken im alltag\" data-id=\"3486\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft tipps &amp; 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Do pop\u0159ed\u00ed se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na rostouc\u00ed v\u00fdznam zlata jako strategick\u00e9 rezervy a mo\u017en\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu nov\u00fdch obchodn\u00edch mechanism\u016f. V pozad\u00ed stoj\u00ed geopolitick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, sankce a snaha mnoha rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch se zem\u00ed o v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed nez\u00e1vislost na finan\u010dn\u00edm syst\u00e9mu ovlivn\u011bn\u00e9m Z\u00e1padem. N\u011bkolik zem\u00ed BRICS toti\u017e v posledn\u00edch letech v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ilo sv\u00e9 zlat\u00e9 rezervy a za\u010dalo tak\u00e9 v\u00edce obchodovat v m\u00edstn\u00edch m\u011bn\u00e1ch. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 i p\u0159es tento v\u00fdvoj z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 americk\u00fd dolar \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed rezervn\u00ed m\u011bnou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho obchodu, i kdy\u017e jeho pod\u00edl dlouhodob\u011b m\u00edrn\u011b kles\u00e1. \u010cl\u00e1nek tak ukazuje p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jednu v\u011bc: zm\u011bny neprob\u00edhaj\u00ed n\u00e1hle, ale jako dlouhodob\u00fd proces, v n\u011bm\u017e vznikaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 struktury, ani\u017e by okam\u017eit\u011b nahradily st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>07.02.2026<\/strong>: Den\u00edk Berliner Zeitung zve\u0159ejnil aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/politik-gesellschaft\/geopolitik\/brics-der-scheinriese-der-multipolaren-weltordnung-li.10017813\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Zve\u0159ejn\u011bn \u010dl\u00e1nek o BRICS<\/strong><\/a>. \u010cl\u00e1nek popisuje rozpor mezi zd\u00e1nlivou velikost\u00ed a skute\u010dn\u00fdm dopadem st\u00e1t\u016f BRICS. Na prvn\u00ed pohled voln\u00e1 konfederace st\u00e1t\u016f sdru\u017euje velk\u00fd po\u010det obyvatel a v\u00fdznamn\u00fd pod\u00edl na sv\u011btov\u00e9m hrub\u00e9m dom\u00e1c\u00edm produktu. P\u0159i bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm pohledu v\u0161ak podle \u010dl\u00e1nku zjist\u00edme, \u017ee BRICS je politicky rozd\u011blen\u00fd, institucion\u00e1ln\u011b slab\u00fd a ekonomicky slab\u011b integrovan\u00fd. V oblasti m\u011bnov\u00e9 politiky z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dominantn\u00ed dolar, chyb\u00ed spole\u010dn\u00e9 strategie a rozd\u00edln\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci i v oblasti obchodu a budov\u00e1n\u00ed instituc\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho, aby BRICS rozv\u00edjel skute\u010dnou s\u00edlu, funguje sp\u00ed\u0161e jako symbol slabosti Z\u00e1padu ne\u017e jako skute\u010dn\u00e1 alternativa. \u010cl\u00e1nek kriticky zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee bez skute\u010dn\u00e9 integrace se BRICS navzdory p\u016fsobiv\u00fdm \u010d\u00edsl\u016fm automaticky nestane \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm protip\u00f3lem.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Pro\u010d se BRICS u n\u00e1s t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyskytuje<\/h2>\n<p>V Evrop\u011b - a zejm\u00e9na v N\u011bmecku - je pohled na sv\u011bt ji\u017e po desetilet\u00ed siln\u011b transatlantick\u00fd. Politick\u00e1, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 a kulturn\u00ed t\u011b\u017ei\u0161t\u011b jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v USA a v EU. To je historicky pochopiteln\u00e9 a dlouho se to da\u0159ilo. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak tento pohled znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj mimo tento r\u00e1mec je \u010dasto vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako druho\u0159ad\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS do tohoto zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du zapad\u00e1 jen velmi \u0161patn\u011b. Toto sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f nen\u00ed ani klasick\u00fdm spojencem, ani jasn\u00fdm protivn\u00edkem, ani vojenskou alianc\u00ed, ani hospod\u00e1\u0159skou uni\u00ed po vzoru Evropy. Je nekonzistentn\u00ed, rozporupln\u00e9 a obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b za\u0159aditeln\u00e9. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je pro mnoh\u00e9 redakce nepohodln\u00e9 - a vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d se \u010dasto objevuje jen tehdy, kdy\u017e se hod\u00ed jako kontrastn\u00ed protip\u00f3l \u201eZ\u00e1padu\u201c.<\/p>\n<h3>Zkratka, kter\u00e1 je v\u00edc ne\u017e jen politick\u00fdm heslem<\/h3>\n<p>Pojem \u201eBRIC\u201c p\u016fvodn\u011b nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed z politiky, ale ze sv\u011bta financ\u00ed. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku roku 2000 jej pou\u017eil jeden z\u00e1padn\u00ed ekonom pro ozna\u010den\u00ed rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch se ekonomik, u nich\u017e se o\u010dek\u00e1val dlouhodob\u00fd siln\u00fd r\u016fst: Braz\u00edlie, Rusko, Indie a \u010c\u00edna. \u0160lo o investice, nikoli o glob\u00e1ln\u00ed politiku.<\/p>\n<p>Teprve pozd\u011bji byla p\u0159id\u00e1na Jihoafrick\u00e1 republika a z BRIC se stal BRICS.<\/p>\n<p>Tento p\u016fvod je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee ukazuje: BRICS nebyl protiz\u00e1padn\u00edm vyn\u00e1lezem, nebyl protiprojektem NATO nebo EU. Za\u010dalo to st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fdm pozorov\u00e1n\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje - formulovan\u00fdm z pohledu Z\u00e1padu.<\/p>\n<h3>Od konceptu anal\u00fdzy k politick\u00e9 realit\u011b<\/h3>\n<p>Teprve v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let se tento term\u00edn stal politick\u00fdm form\u00e1tem. Z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 zem\u011b se za\u010daly pravideln\u011b sch\u00e1zet, koordinovat sv\u00e9 postoje a zve\u0159ej\u0148ovat spole\u010dn\u00e1 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed. Z ozna\u010den\u00ed se stala skupina pro dialog a ze skupiny pro dialog voln\u00e9 sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f. Zpo\u010d\u00e1tku se zam\u011b\u0159ovalo na velmi specifick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jak reagujeme na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed krize?<\/li>\n<li>Jak zajist\u00edme, aby byly na\u0161e z\u00e1jmy dostate\u010dn\u011b zohledn\u011bny v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch instituc\u00edch, jako je Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed m\u011bnov\u00fd fond nebo Sv\u011btov\u00e1 banka?<\/li>\n<li>Pro\u010d se st\u00e1le v\u00edce pod\u00edl\u00edme na glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomice, ale na jej\u00ed pravidla m\u00e1me pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fd vliv?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tyto ot\u00e1zky nebyly - a nejsou - ideologick\u00e9, ale syst\u00e9mov\u00e9. T\u00fdkaj\u00ed se rozd\u011blen\u00ed moci, reprezentace a stability.<\/p>\n<h3>BRICS jako v\u00fdraz posunu<\/h3>\n<p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee BRICS dnes p\u0159itahuje tolik pozornosti, nen\u00ed zp\u016fsobena ani tak agresivn\u00edmi z\u00e1m\u011bry, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bnou sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du. F\u00e1ze, kdy byla hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 a politick\u00e1 moc soust\u0159ed\u011bna t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u00fdhradn\u011b na Z\u00e1pad\u011b, viditeln\u011b kon\u010d\u00ed. Vznikaj\u00ed nov\u00e1 centra a star\u00e9 jistoty ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svou platnost.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS je p\u0159\u00edznakem tohoto v\u00fdvoje. Toto sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f sdru\u017euje zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 byly dlouho ozna\u010dov\u00e1ny jako \u201erozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se\u201c a nyn\u00ed jsou v mnoha oblastech pil\u00ed\u0159i sv\u011btov\u00e9 ekonomiky. Jejich z\u00e1jmy se ne v\u017edy shoduj\u00ed, jejich politick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my se zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako jejich historick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti. To, co je spojuje, nen\u00ed ani tak spole\u010dn\u00e1 ideologie, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e zku\u0161enost, \u017ee st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed struktury neodr\u00e1\u017eej\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b jejich realitu.<\/p>\n<h3>Nikoliv jednotn\u00e1 fronta, ale c\u00edlov\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/h3>\n<p>\u010cast\u00fdm omylem ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 debat\u011b je vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed BRICS jako uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho bloku. Nen\u00ed tomu tak. Mezi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty n\u011bkdy existuje zna\u010dn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed, soupe\u0159\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1jmy a odli\u0161n\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 c\u00edle. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Indie a \u010c\u00edna jsou hospod\u00e1\u0159sky \u00fazce prov\u00e1z\u00e1ny, ale geopoliticky spolu soupe\u0159\u00ed. Braz\u00edlie m\u00e1 jin\u00e9 priority ne\u017e Rusko, Jihoafrick\u00e1 republika m\u00e1 jin\u00e9 priority ne\u017e st\u00e1ty Persk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato nejednotnost jasn\u011b ukazuje, \u017ee BRICS nefunguje jako klasick\u00fd mocensk\u00fd n\u00e1stroj. Rozhodnut\u00ed jsou p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1na konsensem a z\u00e1vazky jsou \u010dasto z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b v\u00e1gn\u00ed. Z pohledu Z\u00e1padu se to m\u016f\u017ee zd\u00e1t neefektivn\u00ed, ale chr\u00e1n\u00ed to organizaci p\u0159ed vnit\u0159n\u00edmi rozpory.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d je tento \u010dl\u00e1nek nezbytn\u00fd<\/h3>\n<p>Ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 debat\u011b je BRICS \u010dasto p\u0159ece\u0148ov\u00e1n nebo odm\u00edt\u00e1n. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jej pova\u017euj\u00ed za po\u010d\u00e1tek nov\u00e9ho sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du, jin\u00ed za voln\u00e9 kolo jedn\u00e1n\u00ed bez skute\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu. Oba n\u00e1zory se m\u00edjej\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinkem.<\/p>\n<p>Abyste mohli BRICS za\u0159adit, pot\u0159ebujete odstup, kontext a historickou hloubku. Mus\u00edte pochopit, odkud tento form\u00e1t poch\u00e1z\u00ed, jak\u00e9 probl\u00e9my chce \u0159e\u0161it a jak\u00e1 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jsou realistick\u00e1 - a jak\u00e1 nikoli. Pr\u00e1v\u011b o to se sna\u017e\u00ed tento \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n<p>Jeho c\u00edlem nen\u00ed varovat ani uklid\u0148ovat, ale vysv\u011btlovat. Pokud toti\u017e chcete porozum\u011bt glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu v\u00fdvoji, BRICS nelze obej\u00edt - bez ohledu na va\u0161e politick\u00e9 n\u00e1zory na jednotliv\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitoly proto pokra\u010duj\u00ed krok za krokem: od historick\u00fdch po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016f p\u0159es institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed strukturu a hospod\u00e1\u0159skou realitu a\u017e k ot\u00e1zce, jak by se Evropa a N\u011bmecko mohly s t\u00edmto v\u00fdvojem vypo\u0159\u00e1dat. Nikoliv ve smyslu bu\u010f-anebo, ale ve smyslu otev\u0159en\u00e9ho, st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e9ho hodnocen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9 situace.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS nen\u00ed okrajov\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. A pr\u00e1v\u011b proto si zaslou\u017e\u00ed v\u00edc ne\u017e jen titulky - toti\u017e klidn\u00fd, vysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00ed pohled.<\/p>\n<h2>Finan\u010dn\u00ed krize v roce 2008 jako katalyz\u00e1tor<\/h2>\n<p>Sv\u011btov\u00e1 finan\u010dn\u00ed krize v letech 2008 a 2009 byla mnohem v\u00edc ne\u017e jen do\u010dasn\u00fd hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd pokles. Zpochybnila z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady, na nich\u017e byl po desetilet\u00ed zalo\u017een mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Banky se za\u010daly pot\u00e1cet, st\u00e1ty musely zachra\u0148ovat obrovsk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1stky pen\u011bz a najednou se uk\u00e1zalo, jak k\u0159ehk\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd byl d\u0159\u00edve pova\u017eov\u00e1n za do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry stabiln\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tato krize byla pro mnoh\u00e9 zem\u011b - v\u010detn\u011b t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 se pozd\u011bji sdru\u017eily pod zkratkou BRICS - v\u00fdzvou k probuzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4708 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzkrise.jpg\" alt=\"BRICS - Finan\u010dn\u00ed krize\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzkrise.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzkrise-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzkrise-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzkrise-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzkrise-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Kdo zaplatil \u00fa\u010det - a kdo stanovil pravidla<\/h3>\n<p>Bylo pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee a\u010dkoli krize vznikla na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch z\u00e1padn\u00edch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch zem\u00ed, jej\u00ed d\u016fsledky se projevily po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. I zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly na vznik probl\u00e9m\u016f jen mal\u00fd vliv, se pot\u00fdkaly s propady obchodu, odlivem kapit\u00e1lu a hospod\u00e1\u0159skou nejistotou. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee v centr\u00e1ln\u00edch rozhodovac\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch nad\u00e1le siln\u011b dominuj\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b - nap\u0159\u00edklad v Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm m\u011bnov\u00e9m fondu nebo Sv\u011btov\u00e9 bance.<\/p>\n<p>Pro rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se ekonomiky tak vznikl pocit nap\u011bt\u00ed: st\u00e1le v\u00edce p\u0159isp\u00edvaly ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu r\u016fstu, ale m\u011bly pom\u011brn\u011b mal\u00fd vliv na to, jak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem byly krize \u0159e\u0161eny a jak\u00e9 reformy byly p\u0159ijaty.<\/p>\n<h3>Pocit struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed nedostate\u010dn\u00e9 reprezentace<\/h3>\n<p>Zejm\u00e9na zem\u011b jako \u010c\u00edna, Indie a Braz\u00edlie m\u011bly zna\u010dnou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou dynamiku ji\u017e p\u0159ed kriz\u00ed. Tato skute\u010dnost v\u0161ak nebyla dostate\u010dn\u011b zohledn\u011bna v hlasovac\u00edch pr\u00e1vech, kv\u00f3t\u00e1ch nebo vedouc\u00edch pozic\u00edch v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch instituc\u00edch. P\u0159esto\u017ee byly ohl\u00e1\u0161eny reformy, pokrok byl pomal\u00fd a \u010dasto nespl\u0148oval o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Finan\u010dn\u00ed krize tuto nerovnov\u00e1hu je\u0161t\u011b prohloubila. Zat\u00edmco z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b p\u0159ipravily rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 z\u00e1chrann\u00e9 bal\u00ed\u010dky a stabilizovaly sv\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9my, mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed z\u016fstalo v roli p\u0159ihl\u00ed\u017eej\u00edc\u00edch - se v\u0161emi d\u016fsledky pro jejich vlastn\u00ed ekonomiky. Nevyhnutelnou se stala ot\u00e1zka, zda st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed syst\u00e9m je\u0161t\u011b vyhovuje sv\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010delu.<\/p>\n<h3>Od individu\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f ke spole\u010dn\u00e9 perspektiv\u011b<\/h3>\n<p>V t\u00e9to situaci do\u0161lo k p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed. Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b BRICS si uv\u011bdomily, \u017ee maj\u00ed podobn\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti a kladou si podobn\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky. Ne ve smyslu spole\u010dn\u00e9ho ideologick\u00e9ho projektu, ale z praktick\u00e9 nutnosti. Jak lze zajistit ekonomickou stabilitu, pokud se centr\u00e1ln\u00ed kontroln\u00ed mechanismy nach\u00e1zej\u00ed mimo jejich vlastn\u00ed sf\u00e9ru vlivu? Jak se m\u016f\u017eeme l\u00e9pe chr\u00e1nit p\u0159ed vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi ot\u0159esy?<\/p>\n<p>Reakce na to byla zpo\u010d\u00e1tku opatrn\u00e1 a pragmatick\u00e1: v\u00fdm\u011bna, koordinace, dohoda. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 velk\u00e9 programy, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 revolu\u010dn\u00ed po\u017eadavky - jen prost\u00e1 pot\u0159eba neb\u00fdt nad\u00e1le v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1visl\u00fd na rozhodnut\u00edch druh\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<h3>\u00daloha skupiny G20 - a jej\u00ed limity<\/h3>\n<p>V bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed f\u00e1zi krize z\u00edskala skupina G20 na v\u00fdznamu. Jej\u00edm z\u00e1m\u011brem bylo nab\u00eddnout \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed f\u00f3rum ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed kolo G7 a zahrnout tak\u00e9 hlavn\u00ed rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se ekonomiky. Pro mnoh\u00e9 z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 to byl krok spr\u00e1vn\u00fdm sm\u011brem. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se v\u0161ak uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee i v tomto roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00e9m r\u00e1mci nad\u00e1le p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00ed star\u00e9 mocensk\u00e9 vztahy.<\/p>\n<p>Skupina G20 z\u016fstala d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm diskusn\u00edm f\u00f3rem, ale nedok\u00e1zala vy\u0159e\u0161it z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zku trval\u00e9ho zastoupen\u00ed. Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edm st\u00e1t\u016fm BRICS bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee selektivn\u00ed integrace k n\u00e1prav\u011b struktur\u00e1ln\u00edch nerovnov\u00e1h nesta\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>\u010casto podce\u0148ovan\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem finan\u010dn\u00ed krize byla ztr\u00e1ta d\u016fv\u011bry. Nejen v\u016f\u010di bank\u00e1m nebo finan\u010dn\u00edm produkt\u016fm, ale tak\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di schopnosti st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch instituc\u00ed v\u010das rozpoznat krizi a \u00fa\u010dinn\u011b ji omezit. Pro zem\u011b mimo z\u00e1padn\u00ed j\u00e1dro st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji vyvst\u00e1vala ot\u00e1zka, zda cht\u011bj\u00ed svou ekonomickou budoucnost zcela sv\u00e1zat se syst\u00e9mem, jeho\u017e kontroln\u00ed mechanismy mohou jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed ovlivnit.<\/p>\n<p>Tato ned\u016fv\u011bra nebyla vyj\u00e1d\u0159ena otev\u0159en\u00fdm odm\u00edtnut\u00edm, ale p\u0159\u00e1n\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch mechanism\u016f. Lid\u00e9 necht\u011bli odej\u00edt, ale cht\u011bli alternativy.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159echod od anal\u00fdzy k akci<\/h3>\n<p>Na tomto pozad\u00ed z\u00edskal p\u016fvodn\u011b \u010dist\u011b analytick\u00fd pojem \u201eBRIC\u201c nov\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9 zem\u011b se za\u010daly vn\u00edmat nejen jako podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady ve studii, ale jako hr\u00e1\u010di se spole\u010dn\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy. Setk\u00e1n\u00ed na \u00farovni ministr\u016f a pozd\u011bji na \u00farovni hlav st\u00e1t\u016f a vl\u00e1d byla logick\u00fdm d\u016fsledkem.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00f3n z\u016fstal objektivn\u00ed. Ne\u0161lo o konfrontaci, ale o vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Finan\u010dn\u00ed krize uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed stabilitu nem\u016f\u017ee zaru\u010dit jen n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f. Mnoho zem\u00ed si to uv\u011bdomovalo stejn\u011b - i kdy\u017e z toho vyvozovaly r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d se tyto zem\u011b spojily<\/h3>\n<p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee si Braz\u00edlie, Rusko, Indie a \u010c\u00edna - k nim\u017e se pozd\u011bji p\u0159ipojila Jihoafrick\u00e1 republika - zvolily tuto cestu, nesouvis\u00ed ani tak s ideologickou bl\u00edzkost\u00ed, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e s jejich postaven\u00edm v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. Byly dost velk\u00e9 na to, aby m\u011bly dostate\u010dnou v\u00e1hu, ale ne dost siln\u00e9 na to, aby samy ur\u010dovaly pravidla. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u011bly dostate\u010dnou ekonomickou s\u00edlu, aby mohly dlouhodob\u011b podporovat sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed iniciativy.<\/p>\n<p>Finan\u010dn\u00ed krize zde p\u016fsobila jako zv\u011bt\u0161ovac\u00ed sklo. Zviditelnila to, co d\u0159\u00edve z\u016fst\u00e1valo sp\u00ed\u0161e abstraktn\u00ed: rozpor mezi ekonomickou realitou a politickou moc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159i zp\u011btn\u00e9m pohledu lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee finan\u010dn\u00ed krize nebyla p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou, ale rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm urychlova\u010dem vzniku BRICS. Spojila dosavadn\u00ed v\u00fdvoj, upevnila z\u00e1jmy a vytvo\u0159ila prostor pro nov\u00e9 formy spolupr\u00e1ce. Bez krize by BRICS mo\u017en\u00e1 z\u016fstal jen okrajovou pozn\u00e1mkou v hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch. S n\u00ed se stal politicky relevantn\u00edm form\u00e1tem.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed kapitola se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00edm, jak z t\u00e9to p\u016fvodn\u011b voln\u00e9 koordinace vznikly konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed struktury - a pro\u010d BRICS z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b zvolil jinou cestu ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed organizace.<\/p>\n<h3>Summit BRICS v Johannesburgu: zm\u011bna moci nebo projekce?<\/h3>\n<p>Po\u0159ad ZDFheute zasazuje summit BRICS v Johannesburgu do \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho geopolitick\u00e9ho kontextu. Zam\u011b\u0159uje se na ot\u00e1zku, zda v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b vznik\u00e1 nov\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d - a jakou roli v n\u011bm hraj\u00ed zem\u011b BRICS. V\u00e1lka na Ukrajin\u011b tvo\u0159\u00ed d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 pozad\u00ed, ale nen\u00ed jedin\u00fdm t\u00e9matem setk\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_PdVm44lvYwU\"><div id=\"lyte_PdVm44lvYwU\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FPdVm44lvYwU%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/PdVm44lvYwU\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FPdVm44lvYwU%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nBrics m\u00edsto G7: Jak se sv\u011btov\u00e1 velmoc stav\u00ed proti Z\u00e1padu | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@ZDFheute\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">ZDFtoday \u017eiv\u011b<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Pozorovatel\u00e9 vid\u00ed, \u017ee zejm\u00e9na Rusko a \u010c\u00edna se sna\u017e\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edt nespokojenosti s mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm, jemu\u017e dominuje Z\u00e1pad, a vyu\u017e\u00edt ji k roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed aliance. Video tak\u00e9 osv\u011btluje rostouc\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd a demografick\u00fd v\u00fdznam st\u00e1t\u016f BRICS, z\u00e1jem \u0159ady dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed o vstup a mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u016fsledky pro Evropu, Z\u00e1pad a sou\u010dasn\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed konflikty.<\/p>\n<h2>Jak se BRICS stal schopn\u00fdm jednat bez z\u00fa\u017een\u00ed sv\u00e9ho zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Po prvn\u00edch setk\u00e1n\u00edch na nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovni a spole\u010dn\u00fdch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edch st\u00e1l BRICS p\u0159ed klasick\u00fdm rozcest\u00edm: bu\u010f z\u016fstane f\u00f3rem pro dialog se symbolick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkem, nebo vytvo\u0159\u00ed struktury, kter\u00e9 by mohly m\u00edt v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nouze i praktick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek. Rozhodnut\u00ed bylo z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b u\u010din\u011bno ve prosp\u011bch st\u0159edn\u00ed cesty. BRICS se cht\u011bl st\u00e1t akceschopn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, ani\u017e by se musel nutit do rigidn\u00edho souboru pravidel nebo kop\u00edrovat nadn\u00e1rodn\u00ed organizaci zalo\u017eenou na z\u00e1padn\u00edm modelu.<\/p>\n<p>Tento p\u0159\u00edstup je pro sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f charakteristick\u00fd i dnes. To vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d m\u00e1 BRICS jen n\u011bkolik m\u00e1lo, ale pe\u010dliv\u011b vybran\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f - a pro\u010d bylo mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b ponech\u00e1no otev\u0159en\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<h3>Konsenzus nam\u00edsto vl\u00e1dnut\u00ed prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm<\/h3>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm rysem BRICS je princip konsensu. Rozhodnut\u00ed se neprosazuj\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161inou, ale p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed se pouze tehdy, pokud se na nich shodnou v\u0161ichni \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edci. Na prvn\u00ed pohled se to zd\u00e1 pomal\u00e9 a t\u011b\u017ekop\u00e1dn\u00e9. Ve skute\u010dnosti je to d\u016fsledek r\u016fznorodosti \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f: odli\u0161n\u00fdch politick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f, ekonomick\u00fdch model\u016f, region\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f a historick\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdhodou tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu je jeho stabilita. To, o \u010dem se rozhoduje, m\u00e1 vysokou m\u00edru p\u0159ijatelnosti. Nev\u00fdhoda je z\u0159ejm\u00e1: ambici\u00f3zn\u00ed projekty lze realizovat pouze postupn\u011b. BRICS toto omezen\u00ed v\u011bdom\u011b p\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 - jako cenu za soudr\u017enost.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 vymezen\u00ed v\u016f\u010di EU a NATO<\/h3>\n<p>BRICS nen\u00ed koncipov\u00e1n ani jako hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 unie, ani jako vojensk\u00e1 aliance. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 zast\u0159e\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed spr\u00e1va, standardizovan\u00e1 legislativa ani z\u00e1vazn\u00e9 sank\u010dn\u00ed mechanismy. T\u00edm se aliance z\u00e1sadn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed od Evropsk\u00e9 unie nebo NATO.<\/p>\n<p>Toto vymezen\u00ed nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodn\u00e9. Mnoho zem\u00ed BRICS se v minulosti nau\u010dilo, \u017ee p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 siln\u00e9 institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed vazby omezuj\u00ed prostor pro politickou \u010dinnost. Proto se zdr\u00e1haj\u00ed vytv\u00e1\u0159et spole\u010dn\u00e9 struktury. Spolupr\u00e1ce ano - p\u0159enos suverenity ne.<\/p>\n<h3>Nov\u00e1 rozvojov\u00e1 banka jako hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj<\/h3>\n<p>Nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm institucion\u00e1ln\u00edm krokem bylo zalo\u017een\u00ed Nov\u00e9 rozvojov\u00e9 banky (NDB). Znamen\u00e1 to p\u0159echod od pouh\u00e9 koordinace ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed realizaci. C\u00edlem banky je financovat infrastrukturn\u00ed a rozvojov\u00e9 projekty v \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1tech a vybran\u00fdch partnersk\u00fdch zem\u00edch - jako dopln\u011bk ke st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edm instituc\u00edm, nikoliv jako jejich n\u00e1hrada.<\/p>\n<p>NDB se z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b \u0159\u00edd\u00ed jin\u00fdmi z\u00e1sadami ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed rozvojov\u00e9 banky. Projekty by m\u011bly b\u00fdt schvalov\u00e1ny rychleji, m\u011bly by v\u00edce zohled\u0148ovat region\u00e1ln\u00ed pot\u0159eby a obsahovat m\u00e9n\u011b politick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek. Sou\u010dasn\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 banka pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161t\u00edhl\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9 organizaci. Nen\u00ed to v\u0161eobj\u00edmaj\u00edc\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj, ale c\u00edlen\u00fd n\u00e1stroj.<\/p>\n<p>Nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee BRICS vytvo\u0159il struktury ve finan\u010dn\u00edm sektoru v\u0161ech oblast\u00ed. Zku\u0161enosti z finan\u010dn\u00ed krize uk\u00e1zaly, jak siln\u011b z\u00e1vis\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 stabilita na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm financov\u00e1n\u00ed, m\u011bnov\u00fdch ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch a kapit\u00e1lov\u00fdch toc\u00edch. Ti, kdo nemaj\u00ed vlastn\u00ed p\u00e1kov\u00fd efekt, jsou v dob\u011b krize obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zraniteln\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Krom\u011b NDB byl proto vytvo\u0159en tak\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00fd rezervn\u00ed mechanismus, kter\u00fd m\u00e1 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nouze zajistit likviditu. Nen\u00ed zam\u00fd\u0161len jako plnohodnotn\u00e1 alternativa k mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm z\u00e1chrann\u00fdm bal\u00ed\u010dk\u016fm, ale jako dodate\u010dn\u00e1 pojistka. Op\u011bt je patrn\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzorec: nenahrazovat, ale dopl\u0148ovat.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00e9n\u011b viditeln\u00e9, ale politicky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9<\/h3>\n<p>Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto staveb vypadaj\u00ed zven\u010d\u00ed neok\u00e1zale. Nejsou zde \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 velk\u00e9 centr\u00e1ln\u00ed budovy, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed ka\u017edodenn\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00ed mluv\u010d\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 podrobn\u00e1 pravidla a p\u0159edpisy. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto jsou na Z\u00e1pad\u011b \u010dasto podce\u0148ov\u00e1ny. Jejich politick\u00fd v\u00fdznam v\u0161ak nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ani tak v jejich velikosti, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e v sign\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd vys\u00edlaj\u00ed: zem\u011b BRICS se ji\u017e necht\u011bj\u00ed spol\u00e9hat pouze na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed instituce.<\/p>\n<p>Tento sign\u00e1l nesm\u011b\u0159uje pouze ven, ale tak\u00e9 dovnit\u0159. Posiluje sebepojet\u00ed z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch zem\u00ed jako hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed syst\u00e9m - a ne pouze jako \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edk\u016f syst\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd ur\u010duj\u00ed jin\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Flexibiln\u00ed form\u00e1ty m\u00edsto pevn\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Krom\u011b finan\u010dn\u00edch n\u00e1stroj\u016f se BRICS op\u00edr\u00e1 o velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tematick\u00fdch pracovn\u00edch skupin, ministersk\u00fdch setk\u00e1n\u00ed a form\u00e1t\u016f dialogu. Ty sahaj\u00ed od obchodu a financ\u00ed a\u017e po ot\u00e1zky zdravotnictv\u00ed, vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u011bdy a bezpe\u010dnosti. Vyzna\u010duj\u00ed se flexibilitou: ne ka\u017ed\u00fdm t\u00e9matem se mus\u00ed v\u0161echny \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty zab\u00fdvat stejn\u011b intenzivn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Tento princip \u201eprom\u011bnliv\u00e9 geometrie\u201c umo\u017e\u0148uje dos\u00e1hnout pokroku tam, kde se z\u00e1jmy shoduj\u00ed, ani\u017e by do\u0161lo k zablokov\u00e1n\u00ed cel\u00e9 organizace. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 zabra\u0148uje tomu, aby se BRICS ztratil nebo byl p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een detailn\u00edmi ot\u00e1zkami.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d BRICS z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b \u201ene\u00fapln\u00fd\u201c<\/h3>\n<p>Z pohledu Z\u00e1padu se BRICS \u010dasto jev\u00ed jako nedokon\u010den\u00fd. Chyb\u00ed jasn\u00e1 odpov\u011bdnost, z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 pravidla a vymahateln\u00e9 instituce. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato ne\u00faplnost je v\u0161ak sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed tohoto konceptu. BRICS se vn\u00edm\u00e1 m\u00e9n\u011b jako hotov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d a v\u00edce jako proces.<br \/>\nTento proces umo\u017e\u0148uje p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed. Lze zahrnout nov\u00e1 t\u00e9mata, m\u011bnit form\u00e1ty a priority, ani\u017e by bylo nutn\u00e9 zdlouhav\u011b m\u011bnit smlouvy. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fd se st\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le dynami\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nep\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u011bj\u0161\u00edm, je to pro mnoho z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00fdhodou.<\/p>\n<p>Zvolen\u00e1 struktura tak\u00e9 umo\u017enila pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed r\u016fst BRICS. Bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 za\u010dlenit nov\u00e9 \u010dleny a partnery, ani\u017e by bylo nutn\u00e9 z\u00e1sadn\u011b reorganizovat st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed instituce. N\u00edzk\u00e1 hustota instituc\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed jako n\u00e1razn\u00edk proti p\u0159et\u00ed\u017een\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS tak polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady pro sv\u00e9 pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed ji\u017e v ran\u00e9 f\u00e1zi - nikoliv prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm podrobn\u00fdch pravidel pro p\u0159istoupen\u00ed, ale prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm otev\u0159enosti a p\u0159izp\u016fsobivosti.<\/p>\n<h3>Mezi touhou a skute\u010dnost\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Ot\u00e1zky samoz\u0159ejm\u011b z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nezodpov\u011bzen\u00e9. Jak odoln\u00e9 jsou vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 struktury v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nouze? Sta\u010d\u00ed dobrovoln\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce a konsensus k \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9mu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed v glob\u00e1ln\u00edch kriz\u00edch? Tyto pochybnosti jsou opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 a prov\u00e1zej\u00ed BRICS od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku.<\/p>\n<p>Dosavadn\u00ed pokrok z\u00e1rove\u0148 ukazuje, \u017ee sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f si na\u0161lo vlastn\u00ed cestu: opatrnou, pragmatickou a z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b odli\u0161nou od z\u00e1padn\u00edch model\u016f. Dal\u0161\u00ed kapitola uk\u00e1\u017ee, jak se tato struktura vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1 s rostouc\u00edm po\u010dtem \u010dlen\u016f a rostouc\u00edmi o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edmi - a jak\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed z toho vypl\u00fdvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>R\u016fst a expanze - pro\u010d se zem\u011b BRICS staly v\u011bt\u0161\u00edmi a z\u00e1rove\u0148 slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi<\/h2>\n<p>S rostouc\u00ed viditelnost\u00ed a ekonomickou vahou se BRICS nevyhnuteln\u011b dostal do centra pozornosti dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00ed. Zem\u011b z Asie, Bl\u00edzk\u00e9ho v\u00fdchodu, Afriky a Latinsk\u00e9 Ameriky pozorn\u011b sledovaly, jak se aliance vyv\u00edj\u00ed - a polo\u017eily si jednoduchou ot\u00e1zku:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>Mohl by b\u00fdt tento form\u00e1t relevantn\u00ed i pro n\u00e1s?<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>BRICS tak \u010delil v\u00fdzv\u011b, kterou zn\u00e1 mnoho mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch organizac\u00ed: Jak z\u016fstat schopen jednat, kdy\u017e z\u00e1jem roste? A jak zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby expanze nevedla k rozm\u011bln\u011bn\u00ed?<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4709 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Grossstadt.jpg\" alt=\"R\u016fst syst\u00e9mu BRICS\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Grossstadt.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Grossstadt-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Grossstadt-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Grossstadt-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Expanze nen\u00ed n\u00e1hoda, ale strategie.<\/h3>\n<p>Otev\u0159en\u00ed BRICS nebylo spont\u00e1nn\u00edm aktem, ale v\u00fdsledkem dlouh\u00fdch diskus\u00ed. Brzy se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee a\u010dkoli p\u016fvodn\u00ed p\u011bti\u010dlenn\u00e1 skupina byla symbolicky siln\u00e1, nereprezentovala celou \u0161\u00ed\u0159i tzv. glob\u00e1ln\u00edho Jihu. Pokud cht\u011bl b\u00fdt BRICS n\u011b\u010d\u00edm v\u00edc ne\u017e jen exkluzivn\u00edm klubem, musel naj\u00edt zp\u016fsob, jak do n\u011bj zahrnout i ostatn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Ne\u0161lo o masovost pro masovost, ale o strategick\u00e9 dopl\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed. Nov\u00ed \u010dlenov\u00e9 m\u011bli p\u0159isp\u011bt region\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u016fsobnost\u00ed, ekonomick\u00fdmi zdroji nebo geopolitick\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem - ani\u017e by naru\u0161ili k\u0159ehkou rovnov\u00e1hu aliance.<\/p>\n<h3>Velk\u00fd krok od roku 2023<\/h3>\n<p>Tento p\u0159\u00edstup byl poprv\u00e9 viditeln\u011b uplatn\u011bn v rozhodnut\u00edch o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed od roku 2023. N\u011bkolik zem\u00ed bylo p\u0159izv\u00e1no ke vstupu do BRICS, zat\u00edmco jin\u00e9 z\u00edskaly nov\u00fd status tzv. partnersk\u00fdch zem\u00ed. Sdru\u017een\u00ed tak kone\u010dn\u011b opustilo f\u00e1zi uzav\u0159en\u00e9ho kruhu a otev\u0159elo se okoln\u00edmu sv\u011btu.<\/p>\n<p>Tento krok znamenal zlom. BRICS se stal nejen v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm, ale tak\u00e9 rozmanit\u011bj\u0161\u00edm - kulturn\u011b, ekonomicky i politicky. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se v\u00fdrazn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161ila slo\u017eitost koordinace.<\/p>\n<h3>Pln\u00e9 \u010dlenstv\u00ed a partnerstv\u00ed - dv\u011b \u00farovn\u011b \u010dlenstv\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Pro zvl\u00e1dnut\u00ed t\u00e9to slo\u017eitosti se BRICS rozhodl pro v\u00edce\u00farov\u0148ov\u00fd model. Krom\u011b plnopr\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u010dlen\u016f nyn\u00ed existuj\u00ed i partnersk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 se mohou \u00fa\u010dastnit v ur\u010dit\u00fdch form\u00e1tech, ani\u017e by musely plnit v\u0161echny povinnosti vypl\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed z \u010dlenstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je v\u00edce ne\u017e jen technick\u00fd detail. Umo\u017e\u0148uje zem\u00edm p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit se k BRICS, ani\u017e by byly okam\u017eit\u011b hluboce zapojeny do vnit\u0159n\u00edch proces\u016f. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed flexibilitu pro samotn\u00e9 sdru\u017een\u00ed: spolupr\u00e1ci lze prohlubovat, ani\u017e by se p\u0159et\u011b\u017eovaly rozhodovac\u00ed mechanismy.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159ita\u017elivost navzdory vnit\u0159n\u00edm rozpor\u016fm<\/h3>\n<p>Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee z\u00e1jem o BRICS roste pr\u00e1v\u011b navzdory - nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b proto -, \u017ee nen\u00ed jednotn\u00fd. \u010clensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nespojuje spole\u010dn\u00e1 ideologie, politick\u00fd syst\u00e9m ani ucelen\u00fd pohled na sv\u011bt. Pr\u00e1v\u011b to je pro mnoho kandid\u00e1t\u016f na vstup do skupiny p\u0159ita\u017eliv\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS neslibuje normativn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed prostor. Nepo\u017eaduje politickou harmonizaci ani p\u0159ijet\u00ed specifick\u00fdch hodnot \u010di institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch model\u016f. Spolupr\u00e1ce je zalo\u017eena na t\u00e9matech a je dobrovoln\u00e1. Ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde mnoho st\u00e1t\u016f zd\u016fraz\u0148uje svou suverenitu, je to siln\u00fd argument.<\/p>\n<h3>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpady a otev\u0159en\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h3>\n<p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed v\u0161ak s sebou p\u0159ineslo i nejistoty. Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd pozvan\u00fd st\u00e1t dokon\u010dil p\u0159istoupen\u00ed hladce nebo jednozna\u010dn\u011b. N\u011bkter\u00e9 si z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nech\u00e1valy otev\u0159en\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, jin\u00e9 v\u00e1haly z vnitropolitick\u00fdch nebo zahrani\u010dn\u011bpolitick\u00fdch d\u016fvod\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Tato nejednozna\u010dnost ukazuje, \u017ee BRICS nen\u00ed uzav\u0159en\u00fd projekt, ale proces vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010clenstv\u00ed nen\u00ed automatick\u00e9, ale je v\u00fdsledkem politick\u00fdch \u00favah - jak na stran\u011b sdru\u017een\u00ed, tak na stran\u011b kandid\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u011bt\u0161\u00ed hmotnost, ale men\u0161\u00ed p\u0159ehled<\/h3>\n<p>Demografick\u00e1, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 a geopolitick\u00e1 v\u00e1ha BRICS se s ka\u017ed\u00fdm nov\u00fdm \u010dlenem zvy\u0161uje. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je st\u00e1le obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed formulovat spole\u010dn\u00e9 postoje. Z\u00e1jmy se rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed, priority se m\u011bn\u00ed a alianci ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed region\u00e1ln\u00ed konflikty.<\/p>\n<p>Princip konsensu, kter\u00fd dosud zaji\u0161\u0165oval stabilitu BRICS, je v d\u016fsledku toho st\u00e1le siln\u011bji zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n. Rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed trv\u00e1 d\u00e9le, formulace jsou opatrn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, projekty rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. To, co zven\u010d\u00ed vypad\u00e1 jako v\u00e1h\u00e1n\u00ed, je \u010dasto v\u00fdrazem snahy vyhnout se roztr\u017ek\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed BRICS nen\u00ed ani tak v\u00fdrazem jejich vlastn\u00edch mocensk\u00fdch ambic\u00ed, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e odrazem glob\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn. Mnoho zem\u00ed hled\u00e1 form\u00e1ty, kter\u00e9 jim umo\u017en\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed autonomii, ani\u017e by je nutily uzav\u00edrat rigidn\u00ed aliance. BRICS k tomu nab\u00edz\u00ed platformu - ne dokonalou, ale otev\u0159enou.<\/p>\n<p>V tomto smyslu nen\u00ed r\u016fst c\u00edlem s\u00e1m o sob\u011b, ale reakc\u00ed na sv\u011bt, v n\u011bm\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed centra moci ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed relativn\u00ed v\u00fdznam a vznikaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 s\u00edt\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>Rovnov\u00e1ha mezi otev\u0159enost\u00ed a schopnost\u00ed jednat<\/h3>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dovou ot\u00e1zkou pro BRICS tedy nen\u00ed, zda m\u00e1 pokra\u010dovat v r\u016fstu, ale jak. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rychl\u00e1 nebo nekontrolovan\u00e1 expanze by mohla p\u0159et\u00e1hnout ji\u017e tak k\u0159ehkou koordinaci. P\u0159\u00edli\u0161n\u00e1 zdr\u017eenlivost by zase mohla ochladit z\u00e1jem potenci\u00e1ln\u00edch partner\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Dosud se BRICS sna\u017eil \u0159e\u0161it tuto rovnov\u00e1hu pragmaticky: postupnou afiliac\u00ed, flexibiln\u00edmi form\u00e1ty a z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b v\u00e1gn\u00edmi z\u00e1vazky. Zda bude tento p\u0159\u00edstup dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eiteln\u00fd, se teprve uk\u00e1\u017ee - je v\u0161ak v souladu se z\u00e1kladn\u00ed logikou organizace.<\/p>\n<p>S roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm se m\u011bn\u00ed i charakter BRICS. Ze zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u00e9 skupiny rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch se ekonomik se st\u00e1v\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00e1 s\u00ed\u0165 spolupr\u00e1ce, kter\u00e1 propojuje r\u016fzn\u00e9 regiony a v\u00fdvojov\u00e9 f\u00e1ze. To zvy\u0161uje politick\u00fd v\u00fdznam - ale tak\u00e9 o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zven\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed kapitola uk\u00e1\u017ee, jak lze tuto vyvinutou strukturu ekonomicky kategorizovat: Jakou skute\u010dnou moc s sebou roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed? A kde jsou hranice, pokud se st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011b pod\u00edv\u00e1me na \u010d\u00edsla, obchod a zdroje?<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-121 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 10px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-121 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o N\u011bmecku<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-121\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-list2 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"was unsere opas vom krieg erz\u00e4hlten &#8211; und warum diese stimmen heute fehlen\" data-id=\"4674\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland erfahrungen europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit musik sicherheitspolitik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/co-nam-nasi-dedove-vypraveli-o-valce-a-proc-tyto-hlasy-dnes-chybi\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Co n\u00e1m na\u0161i d\u011bde\u010dkov\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bli o v\u00e1lce - a pro\u010d tyto hlasy dnes chyb\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky d\u011bde\u010dk\u016f\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/co-nam-nasi-dedove-vypraveli-o-valce-a-proc-tyto-hlasy-dnes-chybi\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Co n\u00e1m na\u0161i d\u011bde\u010dkov\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bli o v\u00e1lce - a pro\u010d tyto hlasy dnes chyb\u00ed<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"sinkende gasspeicher in deutschland: technik, grenzen und politische konsequenzen\" data-id=\"4581\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland energiepolitik europa krisen ratgeber\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/klesajici-skladovani-plynu-v-nemecku-technicke-limity-a-politicke-dusledky\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Pot\u00e1p\u011bc\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edky plynu v N\u011bmecku: technologie, limity a politick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Skladov\u00e1n\u00ed plynu v N\u011bmecku\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gasspeicher-Deutschland.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gasspeicher-Deutschland.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gasspeicher-Deutschland-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gasspeicher-Deutschland-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Gasspeicher-Deutschland-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/klesajici-skladovani-plynu-v-nemecku-technicke-limity-a-politicke-dusledky\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Pot\u00e1p\u011bc\u00ed z\u00e1sobn\u00edky plynu v N\u011bmecku: technologie, limity a politick\u00e9 d\u016fsledky<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"donald trump im system usa &#8211; herkunft, macht, medien und wirkung\" data-id=\"4271\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland digitales eigentum energiepolitik europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit portrait sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/donald-trump-v-usa-system-puvod-moc-media-a-vliv\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Donald Trump v syst\u00e9mu USA - p\u016fvod, moc, m\u00e9dia a dopady<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"561\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Donald Trump v syst\u00e9mu USA\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA-300x164.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA-768x421.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Donald-Trump-im-System-USA-18x10.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/donald-trump-v-usa-system-puvod-moc-media-a-vliv\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Donald Trump v syst\u00e9mu USA - p\u016fvod, moc, m\u00e9dia a dopady<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"dieter bohlen im klartext: warum deutschland an der eigenen b\u00fcrokratie scheitert\" data-id=\"3546\"  data-category=\"allgemein b\u00fccher gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"buch deutschland erfahrungen krisen meinungsfreiheit musik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/dieter-bohlen-srozumitelne-o-tom-proc-nemecko-selhava-kvuli-vlastni-byrokracii\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Dieter Bohlen srozumiteln\u011b: Pro\u010d N\u011bmecko selh\u00e1v\u00e1 kv\u016fli vlastn\u00ed byrokracii<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Dieter Bohlen v rozhovoru s Dominikem Kettnerem\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/dieter-bohlen-srozumitelne-o-tom-proc-nemecko-selhava-kvuli-vlastni-byrokracii\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Dieter Bohlen srozumiteln\u011b: Pro\u010d N\u011bmecko selh\u00e1v\u00e1 kv\u016fli vlastn\u00ed byrokracii<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed po\u010dtu obyvatel, HDP a v\u00fdvozu zbo\u017e\u00ed<\/h3>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd \u00fadaj (rok)<\/th>\n<th>BRICS (10)<\/th>\n<th>EU (27)<\/th>\n<th>USA<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Obyvatelstvo (pod\u00edl na sv\u011bt\u011b)<\/td>\n<td>48,5% (2024)<\/td>\n<td>\u2248450 milion\u016f (01\/2025)<\/td>\n<td>341,8 milionu (07\/2025)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed HDP (b\u011b\u017en\u00fd US$)<\/td>\n<td>- (velmi r\u016fznorod\u00e9; viz PPP)<\/td>\n<td>19,5 bilionu $ (2024)<\/td>\n<td>28,8 bilionu $ (2024)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>HDP (parita kupn\u00ed s\u00edly), sv\u011btov\u00fd pod\u00edl<\/td>\n<td>40% (2024)<\/td>\n<td>14,23% (2024)<\/td>\n<td>14,8% (2024)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>V\u00fdvoz zbo\u017e\u00ed, sv\u011btov\u00fd pod\u00edl<\/td>\n<td>24,6% (2024)<\/td>\n<td>27,9% (2024)<\/td>\n<td>\u22488.3% (2024)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3>V\u00e1ha BRICS v komodit\u00e1ch ve sv\u011bt\u011b<\/h3>\n<div style=\"overflow-x: auto;\">\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"background: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th>V\u00e1ha BRICS v komodit\u00e1ch (2024)<\/th>\n<th>Sd\u00edlet<\/th>\n<th>Zdroj:<\/th>\n<th>N\u00e1pov\u011bda<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 zeminy (z\u00e1soby)<\/td>\n<td>72%<\/td>\n<td>\u00dadaje o zem\u00edch BRICS<\/td>\n<td>uvedeno jako \u201erezervy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u011b\u017eba ropy ve sv\u011bt\u011b<\/td>\n<td>43,6%<\/td>\n<td>\u00dadaje o zem\u00edch BRICS (IEA)<\/td>\n<td>Pod\u00edl na v\u00fdrob\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>T\u011b\u017eba plynu ve sv\u011bt\u011b<\/td>\n<td>36%<\/td>\n<td>\u00dadaje o zem\u00edch BRICS (IEA)<\/td>\n<td>Pod\u00edl na v\u00fdrob\u011b<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Plocha (celosv\u011btov\u011b)<\/td>\n<td>36%<\/td>\n<td>\u00dadaje o zem\u00edch BRICS<\/td>\n<td>\u00dazemn\u00ed pokryt\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Ekonomick\u00e1 realita m\u00edsto titulk\u016f - co BRICS skute\u010dn\u011b znamen\u00e1 z ekonomick\u00e9ho hlediska<\/h2>\n<p>Snad \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jin\u00e9 t\u00e9ma t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se BRICS nen\u00ed zpracov\u00e1v\u00e1no tak rozporupln\u011b jako jeho ekonomick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch l\u00ed\u010den\u00edch se toto sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f ji\u017e jev\u00ed jako nov\u00e1 dominantn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 mocnost, kter\u00e1 ekonomicky p\u0159edstihla Z\u00e1pad. Jin\u00e9 hlasy v\u0161ak BRICS odm\u00edtaj\u00ed jako volnou skupinu nesourod\u00fdch zem\u00ed, jejich\u017e ekonomick\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce nem\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 m\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9 efekty. Oba n\u00e1zory se m\u00edjej\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinkem.<\/p>\n<p>Jedin\u00fd zp\u016fsob, jak realisticky kategorizovat BRICS, je st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd pohled na \u010d\u00edsla, struktury a m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka - bez titulk\u016f a bez politick\u00e9ho n\u00e1boje.<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed je v\u00fdb\u011br kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch osob. V z\u00e1vislosti na tom, zda se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na hrub\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed produkt, kupn\u00ed s\u00edlu, obchod nebo finan\u010dn\u00ed trhy, vznik\u00e1 velmi odli\u0161n\u00fd obraz.<\/p>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u010dasto se uv\u00e1d\u00ed hrub\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed produkt podle parity kupn\u00ed s\u00edly (PPP). Tento \u00fadaj zohled\u0148uje, co si lid\u00e9 ve sv\u00e9 zemi mohou za sv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edjmy skute\u010dn\u011b koupit. M\u011b\u0159eno t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se dne\u0161n\u00ed zem\u011b BRICS pod\u00edlej\u00ed na celosv\u011btov\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu velmi v\u00fdrazn\u011b - v\u00edce ne\u017e tradi\u010dn\u00ed zem\u011b G7. To je v\u011bcn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e9 a ukazuje to na obrovskou ekonomickou \u201emasu\u201c t\u00e9to skupiny st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4710 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Wirtschaft.jpg\" alt=\"BRICS - Ekonomika a tr\u017en\u00ed s\u00edla\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Wirtschaft.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Wirtschaft-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Wirtschaft-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Wirtschaft-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Hmotnost nerovn\u00e1 se tr\u017en\u00ed s\u00edla<\/h3>\n<p>Kupn\u00ed s\u00edla p\u0159itom nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e co s\u00edla mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho trhu. Nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed HDP, tj. ekonomick\u00fd v\u00fdkon v b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch sm\u011bnn\u00fdch kurzech, hraje rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed roli v glob\u00e1ln\u00edm obchodu, na kapit\u00e1lov\u00fdch trz\u00edch, p\u0159i dovozu technologi\u00ed a sankc\u00edch. Z tohoto pohledu zem\u011b BRICS nad\u00e1le zaost\u00e1vaj\u00ed za z\u00e1padn\u00edmi pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdmi zem\u011bmi - zejm\u00e9na za kombinac\u00ed USA a Evropsk\u00e9 unie.<\/p>\n<p>Tento rozd\u00edl je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd. Vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d je zem\u011b BRICS v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b mnoha z\u00e1padn\u00edch spole\u010dnost\u00ed, investor\u016f a spot\u0159ebitel\u016f m\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1, ne\u017e by se mohlo zd\u00e1t podle po\u010dtu obyvatel nebo parity kupn\u00ed s\u00edly.<\/p>\n<h3>Obyvatelstvo jako struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed faktor<\/h3>\n<p>Demografick\u00fd faktor je v\u0161ak nesporn\u00fd. Zem\u011b BRICS tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace. To neznamen\u00e1 automaticky prosperitu, ale dlouhodob\u00fd potenci\u00e1l: pracovn\u00ed s\u00edla, dom\u00e1c\u00ed trhy, popt\u00e1vka, urbanizace.<\/p>\n<p>Z ekonomick\u00e9ho hlediska se jedn\u00e1 o pomalou, ale udr\u017eitelnou p\u00e1ku. R\u016fst je zde generov\u00e1n m\u00e9n\u011b kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdmi finan\u010dn\u00edmi stimuly a v\u00edce postupnou industrializac\u00ed, rozvojem infrastruktury a rostouc\u00ed spot\u0159ebou. Tyto procesy jsou nerovnom\u011brn\u00e9 a obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b kontrolovateln\u00e9, ale charakterizuj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed ekonomick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj po desetilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Maloobchod: siln\u00fd, ale odli\u0161n\u011b strukturovan\u00fd<\/h3>\n<p>V mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm obchod\u011b existuj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed rozd\u00edly. Zem\u011b BRICS jsou v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi v\u00fdvozci, zejm\u00e9na surovin, meziprodukt\u016f a st\u00e1le v\u00edce tak\u00e9 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9ho zbo\u017e\u00ed. Jejich pod\u00edl na sv\u011btov\u00e9m obchodu je nicm\u00e9n\u011b znateln\u011b ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pod\u00edl tradi\u010dn\u00edch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch zem\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na pokud vezmeme v \u00favahu slu\u017eby a vysoce kvalitn\u00ed pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 zbo\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1pad - zejm\u00e9na Evropa a USA - nad\u00e1le dominuje mnoha hodnotov\u00fdm \u0159et\u011bzc\u016fm s vysokou mar\u017e\u00ed: stroj\u00edrenstv\u00ed, chemick\u00fd pr\u016fmysl, l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 technologie, software, finan\u010dn\u00ed slu\u017eby. BRICS je v t\u011bchto oblastech zastoupen v r\u016fzn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, ale v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nen\u00ed jednotn\u00fdm l\u00eddrem.<\/p>\n<h3>Energie a suroviny: hodn\u011b obsahu, m\u00e1lo jednoty<\/h3>\n<p>Zem\u011b BRICS jsou \u010dasto spojov\u00e1ny s energetick\u00fdm a surovinov\u00fdm bohatstv\u00edm. N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u010dlensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty toti\u017e disponuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdmi z\u00e1sobami ropy, plynu, kov\u016f a strategick\u00fdch surovin. To d\u00e1v\u00e1 alianci potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00e1hu - nikoli v\u0161ak automatickou.<\/p>\n<p>Samotn\u00e9 suroviny neznamenaj\u00ed ekonomickou dominanci. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edmi faktory jsou zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed, technologie, logistika a odbytov\u00e9 trhy. Zem\u011b BRICS si nav\u00edc \u010dasto konkuruj\u00ed jako dodavatel\u00e9. Spole\u010dn\u00e1 surovinov\u00e1 politika je proto mnohem obt\u00ed\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e nazna\u010duj\u00ed prost\u00e9 procentu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fadaje.<\/p>\n<h3>R\u016fzn\u00e9 f\u00e1ze v\u00fdvoje<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm aspektem, kter\u00fd ve zjednodu\u0161en\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch \u010dasto chyb\u00ed, je obrovsk\u00fd vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozptyl. V r\u00e1mci BRICS existuj\u00ed vysoce industrializovan\u00e9 regiony, dynamick\u00e9 rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed se ekonomiky a zem\u011b se zna\u010dn\u00fdmi struktur\u00e1ln\u00edmi probl\u00e9my. Produktivita, \u00farove\u0148 vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, infrastruktura a institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed stabilita se v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech drasticky li\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tato r\u016fznorodost omezuje kr\u00e1tkodobou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou integraci. Je to tak\u00e9 jeden z d\u016fvod\u016f, pro\u010d se BRICS zam\u011b\u0159uje sp\u00ed\u0161e na koordinaci ne\u017e na standardizaci. Standardizovan\u00e1 hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 pravidla nebo spole\u010dn\u00e9 trhy by za t\u011bchto podm\u00ednek byly jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed provediteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Finan\u010dn\u00ed trhy a kapit\u00e1l<\/h3>\n<p>Jasn\u00fd obr\u00e1zek se r\u00fdsuje tak\u00e9 na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch: hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed centra - New York, Lond\u00fdn, Frankfurt - nad\u00e1le dominuj\u00ed kapit\u00e1lov\u00fdm tok\u016fm, oce\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed a investi\u010dn\u00edm rozhodnut\u00edm. Zem\u011b BRICS sice zalo\u017eily vlastn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed centra, ale jejich mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dosah je omezen\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>To vysv\u011btluje, pro\u010d je mnoho iniciativ BRICS ve finan\u010dn\u00edm sektoru pe\u010dliv\u011b formulov\u00e1no. Nejde ani tak o nahrazen\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch struktur, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e o vytvo\u0159en\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch mo\u017enost\u00ed - nap\u0159\u00edklad v oblasti rozvojov\u00e9ho financov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo region\u00e1ln\u00edch \u00fav\u011br\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdznam jako dlouhodob\u00fd proces<\/h3>\n<p>Shrnuto: z ekonomick\u00e9ho hlediska nen\u00ed BRICS ani iluz\u00ed, ani v\u0161emocn\u00fdm blokem. Jeho s\u00edla spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v dlouhodob\u00e9m posunu ekonomick\u00fdch vah, nikoli v kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 dominanci. Kdo se d\u00edv\u00e1 pouze na aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed tr\u017en\u00ed pod\u00edly, podce\u0148uje tento trend. Kdo odvozuje nov\u00fd sv\u011btov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d z jednotliv\u00fdch kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel, p\u0159ece\u0148uje ho.<\/p>\n<p>Tato rozpolcenost nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mkou slabosti, ale projevem p\u0159echodn\u00e9 f\u00e1ze. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdznam BRICS roste - pomalu, nerovnom\u011brn\u011b a \u010dasto ti\u0161eji, ne\u017e by se mohlo zd\u00e1t z titulk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed kapitola se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00fdm aspektem tohoto v\u00fdvoje: m\u011bnami, platebn\u00edmi syst\u00e9my a ot\u00e1zkou, pro\u010d se zde \u010dasto hovo\u0159\u00ed o revoluci, a\u010dkoli ve skute\u010dnosti jsou v pop\u0159ed\u00ed evolu\u010dn\u00ed kroky.<\/p>\n<h2>M\u011bny, platby a velk\u00e1 past nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se mluv\u00ed o BRICS, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nevyhnuteln\u011b se objev\u00ed term\u00edn, kter\u00fd okam\u017eit\u011b vyvol\u00e1 emoce: de-dolarizace. Lid\u00e9 rychle mluv\u00ed o \u00fadajn\u011b pl\u00e1novan\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 m\u011bn\u011b BRICS, o konci americk\u00e9ho dolaru nebo o bl\u00ed\u017e\u00edc\u00edm se finan\u010dn\u00edm zlomu. Takov\u00e9 titulky jsou chytlav\u00e9 - ale se skute\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdvojem maj\u00ed pram\u00e1lo spole\u010dn\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd pohled si zaslou\u017e\u00ed oblast m\u011bn a platebn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f. Koneckonc\u016f je to dobr\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad toho, jak snadno lze slo\u017eit\u00e9 procesy \u0161patn\u011b pochopit nebo z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b zjednodu\u0161it.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4711 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzstroeme.jpg\" alt=\"BRICS - Finan\u010dn\u00ed toky a platebn\u00ed syst\u00e9my\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzstroeme.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzstroeme-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzstroeme-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Finanzstroeme-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Dolar jako realita - ne ideologie<\/h3>\n<p>Americk\u00fd dolar je dnes st\u00e1le dominantn\u00ed rezervn\u00ed m\u011bnou ve sv\u011bt\u011b. Hraje \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm obchod\u011b, na finan\u010dn\u00edch trz\u00edch, v komodit\u00e1ch a jako rezervn\u00ed m\u011bna centr\u00e1ln\u00edch bank. Toto postaven\u00ed historicky vzrostlo a je zalo\u017eeno nejen na politick\u00e9m vlivu, ale tak\u00e9 na hloubce, likvidit\u011b a d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e v podkladov\u00e9 trhy.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u00e9to realit\u011b se pohybuj\u00ed i zem\u011b BRICS. Obchoduj\u00ed v dolarech, dr\u017e\u00ed dolarov\u00e9 rezervy a v mnoha oblastech jsou z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na finan\u010dn\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch zalo\u017een\u00fdch na dolarech. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo z toho vyvozuje, \u017ee BRICS chce v kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 dob\u011b nahradit dolar, \u0161patn\u011b odhaduje jak z\u00e1vislosti, tak z\u00e1jmy z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch zem\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Skute\u010dn\u00e1 kritika zem\u00ed BRICS nen\u00ed nam\u00ed\u0159ena proti dolaru jako takov\u00e9mu, ale proti jednostrannosti z\u00e1vislosti. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo realizuje velkou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho zahrani\u010dn\u00edho obchodu, financov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo rezerv prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm jedin\u00e9 m\u011bny, se st\u00e1v\u00e1 zraniteln\u00fdm - nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u016f\u010di politice \u00farokov\u00fdch sazeb, volatilit\u011b finan\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f nebo geopolitick\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z tohoto pohledu nen\u00ed diskuse o m\u011bn\u00e1ch ideologick\u00e1, ale rizikov\u011b politick\u00e1. Jde o diverzifikaci, nikoli o konfrontaci.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00edstn\u00ed m\u011bny m\u00edsto glob\u00e1ln\u00edch p\u0159edstav<\/h3>\n<p>V t\u00e9to souvislosti se iniciativy BRICS zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed obchodu v m\u00edstn\u00edch m\u011bn\u00e1ch. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee dvoustrann\u00e9 nebo region\u00e1ln\u00ed obchodn\u00ed vztahy se st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji uskute\u010d\u0148uj\u00ed bez odklonu p\u0159es dolar - nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi \u010c\u00ednou a Braz\u00edli\u00ed, Indi\u00ed a Ruskem nebo dal\u0161\u00edmi partnery.<\/p>\n<p>Nejedn\u00e1 se o revolu\u010dn\u00ed krok, ale o technickou a organiza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fapravu. Takov\u00e9 dohody existuj\u00ed i mimo BRICS a jsou praktikov\u00e1ny ji\u017e des\u00edtky let. Novinkou je rostouc\u00ed systematick\u00e1 koordinace v r\u00e1mci v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed skupiny st\u00e1t\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Platebn\u00ed syst\u00e9my: Infrastruktura m\u00edsto symboliky<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed pozornost je v\u011bnov\u00e1na platebn\u00edm syst\u00e9m\u016fm. Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed platby jsou dnes do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na n\u011bkolika m\u00e1lo infrastruktur\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed v z\u00e1padn\u00edch zem\u00edch. Pro mnoho zem\u00ed proto vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka, zda m\u00e1 smysl rozv\u00edjet dal\u0161\u00ed platebn\u00ed kan\u00e1ly - ne jako n\u00e1hradu, ale jako dopln\u011bk.<\/p>\n<p>To zahrnuje technick\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky: z\u00fa\u010dtov\u00e1n\u00ed, vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed, interoperabilitu mezi bankami, zabezpe\u010den\u00ed transakc\u00ed. Tyto ot\u00e1zky jsou slo\u017eit\u00e9, nev\u00fdrazn\u00e9 a nehod\u00ed se p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 do titulk\u016f. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto jsou \u010dasto ignorov\u00e1ny - p\u0159esto\u017ee jsou z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d je sv\u011btov\u00e1 m\u011bna BRICS nere\u00e1ln\u00e1?<\/h3>\n<p>My\u0161lenka spole\u010dn\u00e9 m\u011bny BRICS, o kter\u00e9 se opakovan\u011b hovo\u0159\u00ed, neobstoj\u00ed p\u0159i bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed. Chyb\u00ed pro ni ekonomick\u00e9 p\u0159edpoklady: m\u00edra inflace, m\u011bnov\u00e1 politika, kontrola kapit\u00e1lu a hloubka finan\u010dn\u00edch trh\u016f jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozd\u00edln\u00e9. Dokonce i v mnohem homogenn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch oblastech je spole\u010dn\u00e1 m\u011bna nesm\u00edrn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm projektem.<\/p>\n<p>To je otev\u0159en\u011b uzn\u00e1v\u00e1no i v r\u00e1mci BRICS. Odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed \u00favahy z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed teoretick\u00e9 nebo jsou rychle relativizov\u00e1ny. V praxi se klade d\u016fraz sp\u00ed\u0161e na funk\u010dn\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed ne\u017e na symbolick\u00e9 rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 projekty.<\/p>\n<p>V oblasti m\u011bny a platebn\u00edho styku lze ve skute\u010dnosti pozorovat postupn\u00fd v\u00fdvoj. Nov\u00e9 dohody, technick\u00e9 \u00fapravy, procesy institucion\u00e1ln\u00edho u\u010den\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd jednotliv\u00fd krok je mal\u00fd, \u010dasto sotva znateln\u00fd. Dohromady v\u0161ak mohou p\u0159isp\u011bt ke sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed z\u00e1vislost\u00ed a zv\u011bt\u0161en\u00ed man\u00e9vrovac\u00edho prostoru.<\/p>\n<p>Tento evolu\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup odpov\u00edd\u00e1 celkov\u00e9mu charakteru BRICS. Nam\u00edsto p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9ho \u00fatoku na st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed struktury se rozv\u00edjej\u00ed paraleln\u00ed mo\u017enosti. To je m\u00e9n\u011b spektakul\u00e1rn\u00ed, ale mnohem realisti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d Z\u00e1pad \u010dasto chybuje<\/h3>\n<p>Jeden z d\u016fvod\u016f nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed Z\u00e1padu. Mnoh\u00e9 debaty jsou siln\u011b bin\u00e1rn\u00ed: bu\u010f pro, nebo proti dolaru, pro, nebo proti st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edmu syst\u00e9mu. BRICS se v\u0161ak pohybuje v \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3n\u011b. P\u0159ij\u00edm\u00e1 realitu syst\u00e9mu, ale sna\u017e\u00ed se v n\u011bm l\u00e9pe zabezpe\u010dit.<\/p>\n<p>Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed se ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 diskusi \u010dasto ztr\u00e1c\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho je ka\u017ed\u00fd technick\u00fd krok ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako politick\u00e9 vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed v\u00e1lky. To vede nejen k nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdm interpretac\u00edm, ale tak\u00e9 zt\u011b\u017euje objektivn\u00ed debatu.<\/p>\n<p>Nakonec lze \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee m\u011bnov\u00e9 a platebn\u00ed iniciativy BRICS jsou v\u00fdrazem pragmatick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu ke glob\u00e1ln\u00edm rizik\u016fm. Jejich c\u00edlem nen\u00ed dominance, ale odolnost. Ne nahradit, ale doplnit. Pokud chcete porozum\u011bt BRICS, m\u011bli byste za\u010d\u00edt pr\u00e1v\u011b zde. Ne velkolep\u00fdmi ozn\u00e1men\u00edmi, ale tich\u00fdmi, technick\u00fdmi zm\u011bnami. Ty vypov\u00eddaj\u00ed o skute\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1m\u011brech v\u00edce ne\u017e jak\u00fdkoli titulek.<\/p>\n<p>V dal\u0161\u00ed kapitole se pod\u00edv\u00e1me ven: Jak na tento v\u00fdvoj reaguj\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00ed st\u00e1ty a instituce? A pro\u010d je pro Z\u00e1pad \u010dasto obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 rozli\u0161it mezi opr\u00e1vn\u011bnou kritikou a projekc\u00ed?<\/p>\n<h2>Jak se Z\u00e1pad d\u00edv\u00e1 na BRICS - mezi neznalost\u00ed, obranou a chybn\u00fdm odhadem<\/h2>\n<p>Po mnoho let BRICS v z\u00e1padn\u00edm diskurzu t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nehr\u00e1l roli. Sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f bylo vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako voln\u00e9 kolo rozhovor\u016f, analytick\u00e1 n\u00e1lepka bez politick\u00e9ho vlivu. V redakc\u00edch, na ministerstvech a v think tanc\u00edch byl BRICS pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zaj\u00edmav\u00fd, ale nikoli rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed. Uzn\u00e1vali, \u017ee se zde setk\u00e1vaj\u00ed zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 rostou - ale nevid\u011bli d\u016fvod, pro\u010d z\u00e1sadn\u011b zpochyb\u0148ovat vlastn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tato f\u00e1ze nev\u011bdomosti byla pohodln\u00e1. Umo\u017e\u0148ovala zachovat zn\u00e1m\u00e9 kategorie moci a vlivu a glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdvoj interpretovat jako pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4712 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Westen-Beobachtung.jpg\" alt=\"BRICS pod dohledem Z\u00e1padu\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Westen-Beobachtung.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Westen-Beobachtung-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Westen-Beobachtung-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/BRICS-Westen-Beobachtung-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Od p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po upozor\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Postupem \u010dasu se t\u00f3n zm\u011bnil. Nejpozd\u011bji s viditeln\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm BRICS, s nov\u00fdmi \u010dleny a rostouc\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pozornost\u00ed, za\u010dala f\u00e1ze nadinterpretace. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch koment\u00e1\u0159\u00edch se z d\u0159\u00edve podce\u0148ovan\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu n\u00e1hle stal protiz\u00e1padn\u00ed blok, syst\u00e9mov\u00e1 hrozba nebo dokonce protivn\u00edk Z\u00e1padu.<\/p>\n<p>Tento posun nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 ani tak o BRICS, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e o vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed Z\u00e1padu. Odr\u00e1\u017e\u00ed obt\u00ed\u017ee s p\u0159ijet\u00edm sv\u011bta, v n\u011bm\u017e moc ji\u017e nen\u00ed jasn\u011b lokalizov\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<h3>Projekce vlastn\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou t\u011bchto chybn\u00fdch \u00fasudk\u016f je projekce na\u0161ich vlastn\u00edch institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch zku\u0161enost\u00ed. Z\u00e1pad se vyzna\u010duje jasn\u011b strukturovan\u00fdmi aliancemi: G7, Evropsk\u00e1 unie a NATO. Tyto form\u00e1ty jsou zalo\u017eeny na z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch pravidlech, pevn\u00fdch instituc\u00edch a spole\u010dn\u00e9m normativn\u00edm z\u00e1kladu.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS funguje jinak. Z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b se obejde bez \u00fazk\u00fdch institucion\u00e1ln\u00edch vazeb, z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch sank\u010dn\u00edch mechanism\u016f a standardizovan\u00e9ho ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed hodnot. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo bude BRICS posuzovat podle z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u011b\u0159\u00edtek, nevyhnuteln\u011b dojde k nespr\u00e1vn\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm - bu\u010f ke slabosti, nebo ke skryt\u00e9 agresi.<\/p>\n<h3>Body kritiky - opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 a zkr\u00e1cen\u00e9 z\u00e1rove\u0148<\/h3>\n<p>Kritika Z\u00e1padu v\u016f\u010di BRICS nen\u00ed neopodstatn\u011bn\u00e1. Mezi \u010dasto zmi\u0148ovan\u00e9 body pat\u0159\u00ed nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 transparentnost, nejasn\u00e9 rozhodovac\u00ed procesy, vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozpory a politick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi \u010dlensk\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty. Kriticky je vn\u00edm\u00e1na i skute\u010dnost, \u017ee vedle sebe existuj\u00ed autorit\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a demokratick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161echny tyto body jsou skute\u010dn\u00e9. Problematick\u00e9 se st\u00e1v\u00e1, kdy\u017e se zhu\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed do pau\u0161\u00e1ln\u00edch soud\u016f. Vnit\u0159n\u00ed rozmanitost BRICS pak nen\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed rys, ale jako d\u016fkaz \u00fadajn\u00e9 neschopnosti. P\u0159itom se p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b tato rozmanitost je p\u0159edpokladem existence organizace.<\/p>\n<h3>Mezi mor\u00e1ln\u00edmi normami a strategickou slepotou<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm aspektem je normativn\u00ed n\u00e1rok Z\u00e1padu. Evropa - a zejm\u00e9na Evropsk\u00e1 unie - se r\u00e1da pova\u017euje za spole\u010denstv\u00ed hodnot. Tento n\u00e1rok historicky vzrostl a m\u00e1 mnoho pozitivn\u00edch aspekt\u016f. M\u016f\u017ee v\u0161ak v\u00e9st ke strategick\u00e9 slepot\u011b, pokud zast\u00edr\u00e1 pohled na z\u00e1jmy, mocensk\u00e9 posuny a alternativn\u00ed formy spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS toto tvrzen\u00ed otev\u0159en\u011b nezpochyb\u0148uje, ale z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti ho ignoruje. Spolupr\u00e1ce nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena na spole\u010dn\u00fdch hodnot\u00e1ch, ale na spole\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1jmech. Pro mnoho z\u00e1padn\u00edch pozorovatel\u016f je to obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 kategorizovat - a proto je to \u010dasto interpretov\u00e1no jako deficit.<\/p>\n<p>Ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 diskusi je patrn\u00e1 siln\u00e1 tendence ke zjednodu\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed. BRICS je bu\u010f vykreslov\u00e1n jako monolitick\u00fd blok, nebo jako neefektivn\u00ed konstrukt bez budoucnosti. Ob\u011b tyto v\u011bci zt\u011b\u017euj\u00ed bli\u017e\u0161\u00ed pohled. Diferencovan\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy, kter\u00e9 berou v \u00favahu vnit\u0159n\u00ed dynamiku, protich\u016fdn\u00e9 c\u00edle a procesy u\u010den\u00ed, jsou sly\u0161et jen z\u0159\u00eddka.<\/p>\n<p>Toto zjednodu\u0161en\u00ed je pochopiteln\u00e9, ale nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. Vede k tomu, \u017ee politick\u00e1 a ekonomick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed jsou zalo\u017eena na p\u0159edpokladech, kter\u00e9 jen \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b odpov\u00eddaj\u00ed realit\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1padn\u00ed sebev\u011bdom\u00ed m\u00edsto anal\u00fdzy<\/h3>\n<p>Nez\u0159\u00eddka se st\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee n\u00e1zor BRICS slou\u017e\u00ed tak\u00e9 k uklidn\u011bn\u00ed Z\u00e1padu. Popisem aliance jako zaostal\u00e9, rozporupln\u00e9 nebo neefektivn\u00ed se implicitn\u011b potvrzuje vlastn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d jako nad\u0159azen\u00fd a bez alternativy. To m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt kr\u00e1tkodob\u011b uklid\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek, ale dlouhodob\u011b br\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Historie ukazuje, \u017ee posuny moci jsou z\u0159\u00eddkakdy line\u00e1rn\u00ed. \u010casto se ohl\u00e1s\u00ed nen\u00e1padn\u011b, dlouho jsou ignorov\u00e1ny a pak jsou n\u00e1hle vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako krize. BRICS nep\u0159edstavuje revolu\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159evrat - je v\u0161ak zn\u00e1mkou toho, \u017ee se glob\u00e1ln\u00ed sou\u0159adnice m\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Chyb\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed \u00farove\u0148 dialogu<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm slep\u00fdm m\u00edstem je nedostatek skute\u010dn\u00fdch dialog\u016f. Z\u00e1pad \u010dasto mluv\u00ed o BRICS, ale m\u00e1lokdy s n\u00edm. Spole\u010dn\u00e1 f\u00f3ra slou\u017e\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e k vyty\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed pozic ne\u017e k v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b perspektiv. To udr\u017euje nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed na obou stran\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Kontaktn\u00edch m\u00edst by bylo mnoho: Obchod, klima, infrastruktura, zdrav\u00ed, technologie. Mnoh\u00e9 z t\u011bchto ot\u00e1zek se stejn\u011b projedn\u00e1vaj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u011b - \u010dasto paraleln\u011b, ale ne spole\u010dn\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1padn\u00ed pohled na BRICS v sou\u010dasnosti kol\u00eds\u00e1 mezi obranou a p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00edm. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b existuje snaha br\u00e1nit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed struktury a bagatelizovat nov\u00e9 form\u00e1ty. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b roste v\u011bdom\u00ed, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzvy nelze \u0159e\u0161it bez zapojen\u00ed nov\u00fdch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f. Toto nap\u011bt\u00ed se dosud nepoda\u0159ilo vy\u0159e\u0161it. Charakterizuje sou\u010dasnou diskusi a v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch letech bude nab\u00fdvat na v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\n<p>V dal\u0161\u00ed kapitole se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na Evropu a N\u011bmecko. Tam je tato ot\u00e1zka obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b nal\u00e9hav\u00e1: Jak se um\u00edstit ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fd ji\u017e nen\u00ed jasn\u011b rozd\u011blen na z\u00e1padn\u00ed a nez\u00e1padn\u00ed t\u00e1bory? A kter\u00fd postoj je dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eiteln\u00fd - politicky, ekonomicky a strategicky?<\/p>\n<h3>\u010c\u00edna a BRICS: rovnov\u00e1ha moci m\u00edsto blokov\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>V tomto d\u00edle podcastu je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee role \u010c\u00edny ve st\u00e1tech BRICS nen\u00ed ani jednorozm\u011brn\u00e1, ani bezkonfliktn\u00ed. A\u010dkoli je \u010c\u00edna dominantn\u00edm ekonomick\u00fdm hr\u00e1\u010dem, je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed aliance, kter\u00e1 se v\u011bdom\u011b zam\u011b\u0159uje na vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a vyva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1jm\u016f. Sinolo\u017eka profesorka Susanne Weigelin-Schwiedrzikov\u00e1 analyzuje, jak strategick\u00e9 kroky \u010c\u00edny ovliv\u0148uj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed mocenskou strukturu - m\u00e9n\u011b jako otev\u0159en\u00e1 konfrontace, ne\u017e jako dlouhodob\u00fd posun v postaven\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 upozor\u0148uje na vnit\u0159n\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v r\u00e1mci BRICS, nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi \u010c\u00ednou, Ruskem a Indi\u00ed, a odkazuje na historick\u00e9 souvislosti.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_clYc26IZAzU\"><div id=\"lyte_clYc26IZAzU\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FclYc26IZAzU%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/clYc26IZAzU\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FclYc26IZAzU%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nOd \u010c\u00edny po Rusko - jak mocn\u00fd je BRICS? | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@LOOKAUT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">LOOKAUT<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Do centra pozornosti se dost\u00e1v\u00e1 i Evropa: \u00dazk\u00e9 transatlantick\u00e9 vazby jsou podrobeny zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed, stejn\u011b jako mo\u017en\u00e1 role Evropy jako zprost\u0159edkuj\u00edc\u00edho akt\u00e9ra ve st\u00e1le v\u00edce multipol\u00e1rn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n<h2>Evropa a N\u011bmecko - nepohodln\u00e9 m\u00edsto v multipol\u00e1rn\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b<\/h2>\n<p>Pro Evropu - a zejm\u00e9na pro N\u011bmecko - nen\u00ed BRICS abstraktn\u00ed geopolitickou debatou, ale zcela konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou jej\u00edho vlastn\u00edho postaven\u00ed. Po desetilet\u00ed byla zahrani\u010dn\u011bpolitick\u00e1 a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e1 orientace jasn\u00e1: transatlanticky zakotven\u00e1, evropsky koordinovan\u00e1, na pravidlech zalo\u017een\u00e1 organizace. Tento model umo\u017enil stabilitu, prosperitu a politick\u00fd vliv. P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u0161ak, \u017ee sv\u011bt z\u016fstane uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n do zvl\u00e1dnuteln\u00fdch blok\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Tento p\u0159edpoklad se za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 rozpadat. BRICS je symbolem sv\u011bta, ve kter\u00e9m ji\u017e nen\u00ed moc jasn\u011b rozd\u011blena a ve kter\u00e9m je spolupr\u00e1ce st\u00e1le v\u00edce organizov\u00e1na jako s\u00ed\u0165, nikoli jako blok.<\/p>\n<h3>Evropa jako tv\u016frce pravidel - s klesaj\u00edc\u00edm vlivem<\/h3>\n<p>Evropsk\u00e1 unie se tradi\u010dn\u011b pova\u017euje za tv\u016frce pravidel: standard\u016f, norem, postup\u016f. Toto sebepojet\u00ed je pochopiteln\u00e9 a vyneslo EU mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed uzn\u00e1n\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je st\u00e1le z\u0159ejm\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, \u017ee bez dostate\u010dn\u00e9ho ekonomick\u00e9ho a politick\u00e9ho vlivu ztr\u00e1c\u00ed tvorba pravidel sv\u016fj dopad.<\/p>\n<p>Ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kde se st\u00e1le v\u00edce zem\u00ed vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed cestou a vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 alternativn\u00ed f\u00f3ra, nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed evropsk\u00fd model na sv\u00e9 limity. BRICS se ne\u0159\u00edd\u00ed institucion\u00e1ln\u00ed logikou EU - a ani o to nem\u00e1 z\u00e1jem. Evropa tak stoj\u00ed p\u0159ed ot\u00e1zkou, jak se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s hr\u00e1\u010di, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b p\u016fsob\u00ed mimo jej\u00ed vlastn\u00ed regula\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u011bmecko mezi mor\u00e1lkou a z\u00e1jmem<\/h3>\n<p>Tato ot\u00e1zka je pro N\u011bmecko obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00e1. Zem\u011b je siln\u011b orientovan\u00e1 na v\u00fdvoz, chud\u00e1 na suroviny a velmi z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na stabiln\u00edch mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vztaz\u00edch. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se N\u011bmecko v posledn\u00edch letech ve sv\u00e9 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politice v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159uje na normativn\u00ed pozici.<\/p>\n<p>Tento p\u0159\u00edstup nen\u00ed s\u00e1m o sob\u011b \u0161patn\u00fd. Problematick\u00fdm se st\u00e1v\u00e1 tam, kde se mor\u00e1ln\u00ed postoje a ekonomick\u00e1 realita trvale rozch\u00e1zej\u00ed. BRICS toto nap\u011bt\u00ed zviditel\u0148uje, proto\u017ee mnoho jeho \u010dlensk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f je pro n\u011bmeck\u00e9 podniky ekonomicky relevantn\u00edch - bez ohledu na politick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly.<\/p>\n<p>V n\u011bmeck\u00e9 diskusi se st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji objevuje ot\u00e1zka, zda je d\u016fsledn\u00e1 transatlantick\u00e1 orientace st\u00e1le dostate\u010dn\u00e1. Nebo zda by nebylo smyslupln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jednat otev\u0159en\u011b na v\u00edce stran\u00e1ch - bez z\u0159eknut\u00ed se loajality, ale tak\u00e9 bez omezov\u00e1n\u00ed se.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS n\u00e1s nenut\u00ed rozhodovat se mezi \u201eZ\u00e1padem\u201c a \u201enez\u00e1padem\u201c. Sp\u00ed\u0161e nastoluje ot\u00e1zku, zda jsou tyto kategorie st\u00e1le vhodn\u00e9. Pro zemi, jako je N\u011bmecko, kter\u00e1 historicky t\u011b\u017eila z obchodu, vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed a vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed, to nen\u00ed trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00favaha.<\/p>\n<h3>Evropa jako div\u00e1k nebo spolutv\u016frce<\/h3>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 riziko pro Evropu spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj pouze komentuje, m\u00edsto aby ho aktivn\u011b ovliv\u0148ovala. Ti, kdo hodnot\u00ed BRICS v\u00fdhradn\u011b z odstupu - a\u0165 u\u017e kriticky, nebo defenzivn\u011b -, se vzd\u00e1vaj\u00ed mo\u017enosti ovliv\u0148ovat d\u011bn\u00ed. Mnoh\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky v\u0161ak lze rozv\u00edjet pouze spole\u010dn\u011b: Politika ochrany klimatu, infrastruktura, zdravotnictv\u00ed, glob\u00e1ln\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00e9 \u0159et\u011bzce.<\/p>\n<p>To neznamen\u00e1 nekriticky vyhled\u00e1vat ka\u017edou formu spolupr\u00e1ce. Znamen\u00e1 to v\u0161ak udr\u017eovat otev\u0159en\u00e9 kan\u00e1ly dialogu a jasn\u011b formulovat sv\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy - ani\u017e bychom je zat\u011b\u017eovali moralizov\u00e1n\u00edm.<\/p>\n<h3>Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed strategick\u00e9 jednostrannosti<\/h3>\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z poznatk\u016f posledn\u00edch let je, \u017ee strategick\u00e1 jednostrannost n\u00e1s \u010din\u00ed zraniteln\u00fdmi. Z\u00e1vislost - a\u0165 u\u017e na energii, surovin\u00e1ch nebo trz\u00edch - se st\u00e1v\u00e1 problematickou teprve tehdy, kdy\u017e neexistuj\u00ed alternativy. Mnoho zem\u00ed vn\u00edm\u00e1 BRICS jako atraktivn\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b proto, \u017ee otev\u00edr\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enosti. Z\u00e1sadn\u00ed ot\u00e1zka pro Evropu by mohla zn\u00edt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Jak si vytvo\u0159it vlastn\u00ed mo\u017enosti, ani\u017e byste se izolovali?<\/li>\n<li>Jak si zachovat schopnost jednat ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fd ji\u017e nefunguje podle jedin\u00e9ho referen\u010dn\u00edho modelu?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Mezi adaptac\u00ed a sebepotvrzen\u00edm<\/h3>\n<p>Evropa nestoj\u00ed p\u0159ed volbou, zda se \u201ep\u0159iklonit\u201c k BRICS, nebo se od n\u011bj odvr\u00e1tit. Skute\u010dn\u00e1 v\u00fdzva spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v nov\u00e9m vymezen\u00ed jej\u00ed vlastn\u00ed role. To vy\u017eaduje p\u0159izp\u016fsobivost, ale tak\u00e9 sebepotvrzen\u00ed. Ne ka\u017ed\u00fd nov\u00fd form\u00e1t m\u00e1 automaticky smysl, ne ka\u017ed\u00e1 spolupr\u00e1ce je nezbytn\u011b nutn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 bychom si m\u011bli uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed rovnov\u00e1ha se m\u011bn\u00ed - bez ohledu na to, jak ji hodnot\u00edme. Ignorov\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to skute\u010dnosti znamen\u00e1 ztr\u00e1tu man\u00e9vrovac\u00edho prostoru.<\/p>\n<h3>N\u011bmeck\u00e1 debata doh\u00e1n\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu<\/h3>\n<p>V N\u011bmecku tato diskuse teprve za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1. Dlouho se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo, \u017ee ekonomick\u00e9 propojen\u00ed a politick\u00e1 bl\u00edzkost mohou b\u00fdt dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eov\u00e1ny v souladu. BRICS ukazuje, \u017ee tento p\u0159edpoklad nemus\u00ed v\u017edy platit. Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 vztahy se st\u00e1le v\u00edce rozv\u00edjej\u00ed i tam, kde je politick\u00e1 shoda omezen\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>To vy\u017eaduje st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e9 p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed strategi\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edho obchodu - nad r\u00e1mec m\u00f3dn\u00edch slov a reflex\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Na konci t\u00e9to kapitoly nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 jasn\u00e9 pokyny. Nen\u00ed to nedostatek, ale z\u00e1m\u011br. BRICS nenut\u00ed Evropu a N\u011bmecko k rychl\u00fdm rozhodnut\u00edm, ale nut\u00ed je k poctiv\u00e9 sebereflexi. Jakou roli chceme hr\u00e1t? Kter\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy jsou hlavn\u00ed? A v jak\u00fdch oblastech jsme ochotni p\u0159istoupit na kompromisy?<\/p>\n<p>Na tyto ot\u00e1zky nelze odpov\u011bd\u011bt v jednom \u010dl\u00e1nku. Tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u0161ak pozad\u00ed pro z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00fd pohled do budoucna: na BRICS jako v\u00fdraz multipol\u00e1rn\u00edho sv\u011bta - a na p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti a omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se v n\u011bm skr\u00fdvaj\u00ed pro v\u0161echny z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum d\u016fv\u011bry v politiku a m\u00e9dia<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"0ec308610cd830c236719d2649954d42\" data-pid=\"3546\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\"\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"6e8d6b7144\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"1\" data-uid=\"b4e77a4656be8dafc4cccb993139621a\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"1\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">Jakou d\u016fv\u011bru m\u00e1te v politiku a m\u00e9dia v N\u011bmecku?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"12\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[1]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[1]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"1\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Velmi vysok\u00e1 - pln\u011b d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uji ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm org\u00e1n\u016fm<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"2\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"30\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[2]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[2]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"2\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">St\u0159edn\u00ed - Jsem opatrn\u00fd, ale ne z\u00e1sadn\u011b podez\u0159\u00edvav\u00fd.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"3\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"59\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[3]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[3]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"3\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">N\u00edzk\u00e1 - mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed si kontroluji s\u00e1m<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"4\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"264\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[4]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[4]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"4\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed - domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 je zast\u0159en\u00e9 nebo zinscenovan\u00e9.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#1636f0; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Hlasujte na<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"cs\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>V\u00fdhled - BRICS jako p\u0159\u00edznak sv\u011bta v procesu transformace<\/h2>\n<p>Na konci tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br v tradi\u010dn\u00edm slova smyslu. Na to je v\u00fdvoj BRICS p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 otev\u0159en\u00fd, p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dynamick\u00fd a p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed prob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edho procesu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se dnes pokou\u0161\u00ed vyn\u00e1\u0161et kone\u010dn\u00e9 soudy, riskuje, \u017ee odhal\u00ed v\u00edce o sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edch ne\u017e o realit\u011b. BRICS nen\u00ed hotov\u00fdm modelem - a zjevn\u011b j\u00edm ani nechce b\u00fdt.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam. Sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f nen\u00ed ani tak odpov\u011bd\u00ed, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e ukazatelem: sv\u011bta, kter\u00fd se reorganizuje, ani\u017e by ji\u017e na\u0161el nov\u00fd pevn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\n<h3>BRICS jako zrcadlo glob\u00e1ln\u00edch zm\u011bn<\/h3>\n<p>BRICS sv\u011bt nevysv\u011btluje, ale zrcadl\u00ed. R\u016fzn\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b rozvoje, politick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, z\u00e1jmy a konflikty koexistuj\u00ed a hledaj\u00ed formy sou\u017eit\u00ed. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee to nevede k soudr\u017en\u00e9mu programu, nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mkou ne\u00fasp\u011bchu, ale v\u00fdrazem rozmanitosti, s n\u00ed\u017e se mus\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed politika vypo\u0159\u00e1dat.<\/p>\n<p>V tomto smyslu nen\u00ed BRICS ani tak n\u00e1strojem moci, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e pokusem o koordinaci. Z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00fd, n\u011bkdy rozporupln\u00fd a \u010dasto opatrn\u00fd. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto vlastnosti jej v\u0161ak \u010din\u00ed vhodn\u00fdm pro zem\u011b, kter\u00e9 necht\u011bj\u00ed b\u00fdt jednozna\u010dn\u011b p\u0159i\u0159azeny k n\u011bjak\u00e9mu bloku, ani nemohou jednat zcela samostatn\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>Hranice form\u00e1tu<\/h3>\n<p>Sou\u010dasn\u011b nelze p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eet limity. V dohledn\u00e9 budoucnosti nebude BRICS formulovat jednotnou zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiku, prov\u00e1d\u011bt spole\u010dnou hospod\u00e1\u0159skou politiku ani sledovat jednotnou strategickou linii. Z\u00e1jmy jsou p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozd\u00edln\u00e9, vnit\u0159n\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e9 a rozhodnut\u00ed proti pevn\u00fdm instituc\u00edm p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 v\u011bdom\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Ti, kdo o\u010dek\u00e1vaj\u00ed, \u017ee BRICS bude novou velmoc\u00ed, budou zklam\u00e1ni. Realisti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u0161ak budou ti, kte\u0159\u00ed jej uzn\u00e1vaj\u00ed jako flexibiln\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje spolupr\u00e1ci, ani\u017e by ji vynucoval.<\/p>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm nedorozum\u011bn\u00edm je o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017ee glob\u00e1ln\u00ed zm\u011bny budou n\u00e1hl\u00fdmi ot\u0159esy. Historie je v\u0161ak obvykle postupn\u00e1. Moc se nem\u011bn\u00ed ze dne na den, ale v pr\u016fb\u011bhu let a desetilet\u00ed - prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm demografick\u00fdch, ekonomick\u00fdch, technologick\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch proces\u016f u\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS do tohoto vzorce zapad\u00e1. Nem\u011bn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed strukturu n\u00e1hle, ale postupn\u011b. Mnoh\u00e9 efekty z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed dlouho neviditeln\u00e9, jin\u00e9 jsou p\u0159ece\u0148ov\u00e1ny. \u010casto se teprve zp\u011btn\u011b uk\u00e1\u017ee, kter\u00fd v\u00fdvoj byl skute\u010dn\u011b formativn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1pad jako sou\u010d\u00e1st d\u011bjin - ne jejich protiklad<\/h3>\n<p>D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1 my\u0161lenka na z\u00e1v\u011br: BRICS neexistuje proti Z\u00e1padu, ale vedle n\u011bj. Oba jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed stejn\u00e9ho glob\u00e1ln\u00edho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu. P\u0159edpoklad, \u017ee mus\u00ed nevyhnuteln\u011b existovat v\u00edt\u011bz a pora\u017een\u00fd, vych\u00e1z\u00ed z uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed v kategori\u00edch jasn\u00fdch front, kter\u00e9 dne\u0161n\u00ed sv\u011bt vystihuje jen omezen\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Pro z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b - a zejm\u00e9na pro Evropu - nespo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdzva ani tak v odra\u017een\u00ed BRICS, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e v jejich vlastn\u00ed schopnosti p\u0159izp\u016fsobit se. Ty, kter\u00e9 z\u016fstanou otev\u0159en\u00e9 nov\u00fdm form\u00e1t\u016fm, ani\u017e by se vzdaly sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch z\u00e1sad, si zachovaj\u00ed man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed prostor. Na druhou stranu ti, kte\u0159\u00ed se omez\u00ed na udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed odstupu, riskuj\u00ed ztr\u00e1tu v\u00fdznamu.<\/p>\n<h3>Otev\u0159enost jako strategick\u00fd zdroj<\/h3>\n<p>To je mo\u017en\u00e1 nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pou\u010den\u00ed z dosavadn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje: otev\u0159enost nen\u00ed slabost, ale strategick\u00fd zdroj. Neznamen\u00e1 sv\u00e9voli, ale schopnost tolerovat a produktivn\u011b zpracov\u00e1vat r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy.<\/p>\n<p>BRICS pro to nab\u00edz\u00ed experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed pole - nedokonal\u00e9, ale re\u00e1ln\u00e9. Ukazuje, \u017ee spolupr\u00e1ce je mo\u017en\u00e1 i bez \u00fapln\u00e9 shody. \u017de pragmatismus jde n\u011bkdy d\u00e1l ne\u017e ideologie. A \u017ee moc dnes nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed ani tak z dominance, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e z vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed s\u00edt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159\u00edb\u011bh se st\u00e1le posouv\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p>V\u00fdvoj BRICS bude z\u00e1viset na mnoha faktorech: vnit\u0159n\u00edch reform\u00e1ch, glob\u00e1ln\u00edch kriz\u00edch, technologick\u00fdch zm\u011bn\u00e1ch a v neposledn\u00ed \u0159ad\u011b na chov\u00e1n\u00ed ostatn\u00edch hr\u00e1\u010d\u016f. Jist\u00e9 je pouze jedno: historie nen\u00ed u konce. Bude se ps\u00e1t i nad\u00e1le - ti\u0161e, rozporupln\u011b a \u010dasto mimo velk\u00e9 titulky novin.<\/p>\n<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek proto m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pouze stru\u010dn\u00fdm p\u0159ehledem. Pokou\u0161\u00ed se vn\u00e9st \u0159\u00e1d do slo\u017eit\u00e9ho t\u00e9matu, ani\u017e by si \u010dinil n\u00e1rok na kone\u010dnou pravdu. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo chce porozum\u011bt BRICS, mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159ipraven sn\u00e1\u0161et nejistotu a p\u0159ijmout ambivalenci.<\/p>\n<p>Nakonec neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jasn\u00fd n\u00e1vod k jedn\u00e1n\u00ed, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd jednozna\u010dn\u00fd soud, \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed. To nen\u00ed nedostatek, ale odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed stav v\u011bc\u00ed ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fd je v p\u0159echodu. BRICS je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed t\u00e9to p\u0159echodn\u00e9 f\u00e1ze - nic v\u00edc a nic m\u00ed\u0148.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee za deset \u010di dvacet let bude m\u00edt sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f jinou podobu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 ztrat\u00ed na v\u00fdznamu nebo se p\u0159em\u011bn\u00ed v jin\u00e9 struktury. Mo\u017en\u00e1 se prosad\u00ed jako trval\u00fd prvek. To v\u0161e je otev\u0159en\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Jedno v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017eeme \u0159\u00edci ji\u017e dnes: BRICS n\u00e1s nut\u00ed p\u0159ehodnotit za\u017eit\u00e9 my\u0161lenkov\u00e9 modely. A u\u017e to samo o sob\u011b ji \u010din\u00ed relevantn\u00ed - bez ohledu na to, jak bude p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh pokra\u010dovat.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Zdroje a dal\u0161\u00ed obsah o BRICS<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/brics.br\/en\/about-the-brics\/brics-data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00dadaje BRICS - ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 \u00fadaje<\/a><\/strong>Na ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed str\u00e1nce s \u00fadaji o zem\u00edch BRICS jsou k dispozici aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fadaje o po\u010dtu obyvatel, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu, obchodu, energi\u00edch a surovin\u00e1ch. Je vhodn\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na pro kategorizaci \u0159\u00e1d\u016f a faktick\u00e9 srovn\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00e1padn\u00edmi ekonomick\u00fdmi bloky.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.destatis.de\/DE\/Themen\/Laender-Regionen\/Internationales\/Thema\/allgemeines-regionales\/BRICS\/BRICS.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Destatis - Zem\u011b BRICS v \u010d\u00edslech<\/a><\/strong>Spolkov\u00fd statistick\u00fd \u00fa\u0159ad poskytuje rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 \u00fadaje o zem\u00edch BRICS, v\u010detn\u011b \u00fadaj\u016f o hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, energetice, \u017eivotn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed a obyvatelstvu. Str\u00e1nky jsou u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na pro \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, kte\u0159\u00ed hledaj\u00ed st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd pohled na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 \u00fadaje.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ndb.int\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nov\u00e1 rozvojov\u00e1 banka (NDB)<\/a><\/strong>Webov\u00e9 str\u00e1nky Rozvojov\u00e9 banky BRICS poskytuj\u00ed informace o c\u00edlech, struktu\u0159e a konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch projektech NDB. Ukazuje, jak se BRICS sna\u017e\u00ed vybudovat vlastn\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, ani\u017e by zcela nahradil st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed instituce.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/backgrounder\/what-brics-group-and-why-it-expanding\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rada pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed vztahy - Co je BRICS?<\/a><\/strong>Srozumiteln\u00e1 anal\u00fdza vzniku, roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a geopolitick\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu BRICS v angli\u010dtin\u011b. \u010cl\u00e1nek kategorizuje toto sdru\u017een\u00ed st\u00e1t\u016f z pohledu Z\u00e1padu, ani\u017e by se zam\u011b\u0159oval pouze na titulky.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/system\/files\/official-document\/diae2023d1_en.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UNCTAD - Zpr\u00e1va o investic\u00edch zem\u00ed BRICS<\/a><\/strong>Zpr\u00e1va OSN analyzuje investi\u010dn\u00ed toky, hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 strategie a struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzvy zem\u00ed BRICS. Zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 je zejm\u00e9na pro \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, kte\u0159\u00ed se zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed o dlouhodob\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 trendy a modely rozvoje.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/unctad.org\/publication\/fostering-brics-leadership-climate-ambition-amid-trade-and-climate-tensions\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UNCTAD - BRICS, klima a obchod<\/a><\/strong>Tato studie osv\u011btluje roli zem\u00ed BRICS v oblasti konfliktu mezi klimatickou politikou, obchodem a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm rozvojem. Ukazuje, kde jsou spole\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a kde doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke st\u0159et\u016fm z\u00e1jm\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpb.de\/kurz-knapp\/lexika\/lexikon-der-wirtschaft\/159944\/brics-staaten\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spolkov\u00e1 agentura pro ob\u010dansk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed - BRICS<\/a><\/strong>Kompaktn\u00ed a srozumiteln\u00fd p\u0159ehled o vzniku, slo\u017een\u00ed a v\u00fdznamu st\u00e1t\u016f BRICS. Vhodn\u00e9 zejm\u00e9na pro \u010dten\u00e1\u0159e, kte\u0159\u00ed hledaj\u00ed prvn\u00ed \u00favod nebo faktografick\u00e9 shrnut\u00ed v n\u011bm\u010din\u011b.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Development_Bank\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia - Nov\u00e1 rozvojov\u00e1 banka (NDB)<\/a><\/strong>\u010cl\u00e1nek podrobn\u011b popisuje zalo\u017een\u00ed, strukturu a metody pr\u00e1ce Rozvojov\u00e9 banky BRICS. Dobr\u00fd dopln\u011bk ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch zdroj\u016f pro rychl\u00e9 vyhled\u00e1n\u00ed souvislost\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/15th_BRICS_summit\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wikipedia - Summit BRICS 2023 (Johannesburg)<\/a><\/strong>P\u0159ehled kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9ho zlomu ve v\u00fdvoji BRICS, v\u010detn\u011b rozhodnut\u00ed o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a politick\u00fdch c\u00edl\u016f. \u010cl\u00e1nek pom\u00e1h\u00e1 kategorizovat sou\u010dasn\u00e9 debaty z hlediska \u010dasu a obsahu.<\/li>\n<li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/china\/brics-finance-ministers-make-unified-proposal-imf-reforms-2025-07-06\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reuters - BRICS a n\u00e1vrhy reforem MMF<\/a><\/strong>: Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1va o spole\u010dn\u00e9m postoji zem\u00ed BRICS v\u016f\u010di mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm finan\u010dn\u00edm instituc\u00edm. Agentura Reuters p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed faktick\u00fd pohled na skute\u010dn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 iniciativy, kter\u00fd p\u0159esahuje r\u00e1mec spekulac\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-122 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-122 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o um\u011bn\u00ed a kultu\u0159e<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-122\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"was ist der sinn des lebens? religionen, philosophen und helmut thielicke im vergleich\" data-id=\"6071\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft ki-systeme kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle erfahrungen gesundheit krisen k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz meinungsfreiheit pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, filozof\u016f a Helmuta Thielickeho<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Ot\u00e1zka smyslu \u017eivota\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? 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kultur\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle deutschland europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b: anal\u00fdza sportu, univerzit, arm\u00e1dy a sankc\u00ed EU<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b: anal\u00fdza sportu, univerzit, arm\u00e1dy a sankc\u00ed EU<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Co p\u0159esn\u011b jsou zem\u011b BRICS a pro\u010d o nich najednou tolik sly\u0161\u00edme?<\/strong><br \/>\nSt\u00e1ty BRICS jsou sdru\u017een\u00edm n\u011bkolika velk\u00fdch rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00edch se a rozvojov\u00fdch zem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dohromady p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace a rostouc\u00ed pod\u00edl na sv\u011btov\u00e9m hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m v\u00fdkonu. Dlouhou dobu byly pova\u017eov\u00e1ny sp\u00ed\u0161e za voln\u00fd dialogov\u00fd kruh. S roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm organizace, nov\u00fdmi \u010dleny a konkr\u00e9tn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi projekty spolupr\u00e1ce se v\u0161ak BRICS zviditelnil. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se m\u011bn\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed rozlo\u017een\u00ed sil, co\u017e automaticky p\u0159itahuje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pozornost k t\u011bmto form\u00e1t\u016fm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jsou st\u00e1ty BRICS alianc\u00ed proti Z\u00e1padu?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe, BRICS nevznikl jako protiz\u00e1padn\u00ed aliance ani jako ideologick\u00fd protiklad EU nebo USA. Aliance vznikla z touhy po lep\u0161\u00edm zastoupen\u00ed a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm vlivu ve st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch glob\u00e1ln\u00edch struktur\u00e1ch. Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee BRICS je dnes n\u011bkdy vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako protiprojekt, je zp\u016fsobena sp\u00ed\u0161e geopolitick\u00fdm nap\u011bt\u00edm a medi\u00e1ln\u00edm p\u0159eh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00edm ne\u017e p\u016fvodn\u00edm c\u00edlem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d byl BRICS v\u016fbec zalo\u017een?<\/strong><br \/>\nPo\u010d\u00e1tky BRICS tkv\u00ed ve finan\u010dn\u00ed a hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 krizi z roku 2008, kdy se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee zem\u011b s rostouc\u00edm hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdm v\u00fdznamem maj\u00ed jen omezen\u00fd vliv na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed rozhodovac\u00ed procesy. BRICS vznikl jako pokus o koordinaci z\u00e1jm\u016f a spole\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1hy v glob\u00e1ln\u00ed hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9 a finan\u010dn\u00ed architektu\u0159e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak jednotn\u00fd je ve skute\u010dnosti BRICS?<\/strong><br \/>\nBRICS nen\u00ed homogenn\u00ed blok. \u010clensk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty se v\u00fdrazn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed sv\u00fdmi politick\u00fdmi syst\u00e9my, ekonomick\u00fdmi strukturami, region\u00e1ln\u00edmi z\u00e1jmy a strategick\u00fdmi c\u00edli. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto d\u00e1v\u00e1 BRICS p\u0159ednost konsensu a flexibiln\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ci p\u0159ed z\u00e1vazn\u00fdmi pokyny. C\u00edlem nen\u00ed jednotnost, ale sou\u017eit\u00ed navzdory rozd\u00edl\u016fm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d se \u010dasto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee BRICS ekonomicky p\u0159edstihl G7?<\/strong><br \/>\nToto tvrzen\u00ed se obvykle vztahuje na hrub\u00fd dom\u00e1c\u00ed produkt podle parity kupn\u00ed s\u00edly. Tento \u00fadaj vyjad\u0159uje, co si lid\u00e9 v dan\u00e9 zemi mohou re\u00e1ln\u011b koupit, a v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b je BRICS skute\u010dn\u011b p\u0159ed G7. Pro mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed tr\u017en\u00ed s\u00edlu, finan\u010dn\u00ed trhy a technologie v\u0161ak hraje v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed roli nomin\u00e1ln\u00ed HDP - a zde m\u00e1 Z\u00e1pad st\u00e1le n\u00e1skok.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jakou roli hraje obyvatelstvo p\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed BRICS?<\/strong><br \/>\nObyvatelstvo je dlouhodob\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm faktorem. Velk\u00fd po\u010det obyvatel znamen\u00e1 potenci\u00e1ln\u011b velk\u00fd trh pr\u00e1ce, rostouc\u00ed spot\u0159ebu a dlouhodob\u00fd r\u016fst. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak po\u010det obyvatel s\u00e1m o sob\u011b vypov\u00edd\u00e1 jen m\u00e1lo o produktivit\u011b nebo prosperit\u011b. Je to sp\u00ed\u0161e strategick\u00fd faktor v pozad\u00ed ne\u017e kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd ukazatel s\u00edly.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je BRICS ekonomicky siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e EU nebo USA?<\/strong><br \/>\nZ\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. Celkov\u011b je BRICS velmi velk\u00fd, ale ekonomicky velmi nerovnom\u011brn\u011b rozlo\u017een\u00fd. EU a USA maj\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed produktivitu, siln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed finan\u010dn\u00ed trhy a vedouc\u00ed postaven\u00ed v oblasti technologi\u00ed. BRICS m\u00e1 ekonomick\u00fd v\u00fdznam, ale nen\u00ed soudr\u017en\u00fdm ekonomick\u00fdm gigantem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d se tolik mluv\u00ed o \u00fadajn\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 m\u011bn\u011b BRICS?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee toto t\u00e9ma vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 pozornost. Ve skute\u010dnosti neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 re\u00e1ln\u00e9 pl\u00e1ny na spole\u010dnou m\u011bnu BRICS. Ekonomick\u00e9 rozd\u00edly mezi zem\u011bmi jsou na to p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 velk\u00e9. M\u00edsto toho se soust\u0159ed\u00ed na obchodov\u00e1n\u00ed v m\u00edstn\u00edch m\u011bn\u00e1ch a alternativn\u00ed platebn\u00ed metody - jin\u00fdmi slovy na diverzifikaci rizik, nikoliv na p\u0159evrat v syst\u00e9mu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Co vlastn\u011b znamen\u00e1 \u201ede-dolarizace\u201c v kontextu BRICS?<\/strong><br \/>\nDe-dolarizace neznamen\u00e1 zru\u0161en\u00ed americk\u00e9ho dolaru, ale sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed jednostrann\u00e9 z\u00e1vislosti. Zem\u011b BRICS cht\u011bj\u00ed m\u00edt mo\u017enost prov\u00e1d\u011bt ur\u010dit\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed a finan\u010dn\u00ed transakce bez dolaru, aby byly m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 k vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm ot\u0159es\u016fm nebo politick\u00e9mu nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d Z\u00e1pad \u010dasto reaguje na BRICS tak nerv\u00f3zn\u011b?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee BRICS zpochyb\u0148uje st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed modely. Z\u00e1pad je zvykl\u00fd na jasn\u011b strukturovan\u00e9 aliance. BRICS funguje jinak: voln\u011b, pru\u017en\u011b, bez pevn\u00fdch instituc\u00ed. Tuto formu je obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 kategorizovat, a proto je bu\u010f podce\u0148ov\u00e1na, nebo p\u0159ece\u0148ov\u00e1na.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je kritika BRICS ze strany Z\u00e1padu opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1?<\/strong><br \/>\n\u010c\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b ano. BRICS trp\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edm nap\u011bt\u00edm, nedostatkem transparentnosti a omezenou asertivitou. Problematick\u00fdm se st\u00e1v\u00e1, kdy\u017e jsou tyto slabiny zobec\u0148ov\u00e1ny a pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny jako d\u016fkaz bezv\u00fdznamnosti nebo ohro\u017een\u00ed. Je t\u0159eba diferencovan\u00e9ho pohledu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jakou roli hraje Evropa v t\u00e9to nov\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 situaci?<\/strong><br \/>\nEvropa se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9 situaci. Pova\u017euje se za tv\u016frce pravidel, ale ztr\u00e1c\u00ed relativn\u00ed ekonomickou v\u00e1hu. BRICS nut\u00ed Evropu nov\u011b definovat svou roli: m\u00e9n\u011b normativn\u00ed, v\u00edce strategickou a otev\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed nov\u00fdm form\u00e1t\u016fm spolupr\u00e1ce - ani\u017e by se vzdala sv\u00fdch vlastn\u00edch z\u00e1sad.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dot\u00fdk\u00e1 se v\u00fdvoj BRICS zejm\u00e9na N\u011bmecka?<\/strong><br \/>\nAno, proto\u017ee N\u011bmecko je siln\u011b orientov\u00e1no na v\u00fdvoz a je chud\u00e9 na suroviny. Mnoh\u00e9 zem\u011b BRICS jsou d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdmi odbyti\u0161ti nebo dodavateli. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je n\u011bmeck\u00e1 zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politika siln\u011b hodnotov\u011b orientovan\u00e1. Toto nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi z\u00e1jmy a politick\u00fdm postojem je prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm BRICS st\u00e1le viditeln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mus\u00ed si Evropa vybrat mezi USA a BRICS?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe. Skute\u010dnou v\u00fdzvou nen\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed bu\u010f, anebo, ale udr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed n\u011bkolika vztah\u016f najednou. Otev\u0159en\u00e1, v\u00edcerozm\u011brn\u00e1 zahrani\u010dn\u011bobchodn\u00ed politika m\u00e1 pro Evropu z dlouhodob\u00e9ho hlediska v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed smysl ne\u017e strategick\u00e1 jednostrannost.<\/li>\n<li><strong>M\u016f\u017ee BRICS z\u016fstat dlouhodob\u011b stabiln\u00ed?<\/strong><br \/>\nTo je otev\u0159en\u00e9. BRICS je z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b navr\u017een tak, aby byl flexibiln\u00ed, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee podpo\u0159it stabilitu, ale tak\u00e9 zpomalit rozhodovac\u00ed procesy. Zda je tento p\u0159\u00edstup dlouhodob\u011b udr\u017eiteln\u00fd, z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, zda je mo\u017en\u00e9 zachovat akceschopnost navzdory rostouc\u00edmu po\u010dtu \u010dlen\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kter\u00e1 t\u00e9mata by mohla v budoucnu v\u00fdrazn\u011bji charakterizovat BRICS?<\/strong><br \/>\nKrom\u011b hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a financ\u00ed budou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nab\u00fdvat na v\u00fdznamu t\u00e9mata jako energetika, suroviny, infrastruktura, digitalizace, zdrav\u00ed a politika v oblasti klimatu. Zejm\u00e9na v t\u011bchto oblastech existuj\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u00fdzvy, kter\u00e9 lze jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed vy\u0159e\u0161it bez \u0161irok\u00e9 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed spolupr\u00e1ce.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je BRICS pro Z\u00e1pad sp\u00ed\u0161e p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed, nebo rizikem?<\/strong><br \/>\nOboj\u00ed - podle toho, jak se s t\u00edm vypo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1te. Ti, kdo ignoruj\u00ed nebo d\u00e9monizuj\u00ed BRICS, ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed vliv. Ti, kdo si jej nekriticky idealizuj\u00ed, ztrat\u00ed vliv tak\u00e9. Jako partner pro dialog a form\u00e1t spolupr\u00e1ce m\u016f\u017ee BRICS nab\u00eddnout p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti k pragmati\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed glob\u00e1ln\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00fd je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed poznatek z dosavadn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje BRICS?<\/strong><br \/>\nSv\u011bt ji\u017e nelze jasn\u011b rozd\u011blit na pevn\u00e9 bloky. BRICS znamen\u00e1 p\u0159echodnou f\u00e1zi, v n\u00ed\u017e se objevuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 formy spolupr\u00e1ce, ani\u017e by ty star\u00e9 okam\u017eit\u011b zanikly. Ti, kdo tuto rozpolcenost akceptuj\u00ed, l\u00e9pe ch\u00e1pou sou\u010dasnost - a jsou l\u00e9pe p\u0159ipraveni na budoucnost.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-123 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-123 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; 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erp ki-systeme stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"datenbanken erp-software filemaker gfm-business k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/filemaker-konference-2025-ki-komunita-a-necekana-udalost\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Konference FileMaker 2025: Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, komunita a ne\u010dekan\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"FileMaker Konference 2025: Po\u017e\u00e1rn\u00ed poplach s hasi\u010di\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/FMK2025-Feueralarm-1.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/FMK2025-Feueralarm-1.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/FMK2025-Feueralarm-1-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/FMK2025-Feueralarm-1-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/FMK2025-Feueralarm-1-18x9.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/filemaker-konference-2025-ki-komunita-a-necekana-udalost\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Konference FileMaker 2025: Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, komunita a ne\u010dekan\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Pokud se na \u010d\u00edsla pod\u00edv\u00e1te st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011b, budete si mnout o\u010di: dne\u0161n\u00ed zem\u011b BRICS tvo\u0159\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovinu sv\u011btov\u00e9 populace. Miliardy lid\u00ed v t\u011bchto zem\u00edch \u017eij\u00ed, pracuj\u00ed v nich, vyr\u00e1b\u011bj\u00ed, spot\u0159ebov\u00e1vaj\u00ed, buduj\u00ed infrastrukturu a utv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed jejich budoucnost. M\u011b\u0159eno po\u010dtem obyvatel, ekonomick\u00fdm v\u00fdkonem (zejm\u00e9na kupn\u00ed silou) a surovinami, nejsou v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b ... <a title=\"Konference FileMaker 2025: Um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence, komunita a ne\u010dekan\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/09\/filemaker-konference-2025-ki-komunita-a-necekana-udalost\/\" aria-label=\"\u010c\u00edst v\u00edce o FileMaker Konference 2025: AI, komunita a ne\u010dekan\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost\">\u010c\u00edst d\u00e1l<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4707,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":692,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,466],"tags":[444,480,475,482,484],"class_list":["post-4691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-allgemein","category-gesellschaft","tag-denkmodelle","tag-deutschland","tag-europa","tag-geopolitik","tag-sicherheitspolitik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4691"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4691\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5909,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4691\/revisions\/5909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4707"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4691"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4691"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}