{"id":4740,"date":"2026-02-07T07:35:02","date_gmt":"2026-02-07T07:35:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/?p=4740"},"modified":"2026-05-08T05:43:46","modified_gmt":"2026-05-08T05:43:46","slug":"smlouva-dva-plus-ctyri-nato-a-bundeswehr-co-plati-dodnes","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/smlouva-dva-plus-ctyri-nato-a-bundeswehr-co-plati-dodnes\/","title":{"rendered":"Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\", NATO a Bundeswehr: Co plat\u00ed dnes?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Kdy\u017e se dnes hovo\u0159\u00ed o bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politice, Bundeswehru a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch z\u00e1vazc\u00edch, je to obvykle v re\u017eimu sou\u010dasnosti: po\u010dty, situace ohro\u017een\u00ed, alian\u010dn\u00ed schopnosti. M\u00e1lokdy se v\u0161ak klade ot\u00e1zka, na jak\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edm z\u00e1klad\u011b to v\u0161e vlastn\u011b stoj\u00ed. P\u0159itom existuje smlouva, kter\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b tento z\u00e1klad tvo\u0159\u00ed - a p\u0159esto je v pov\u011bdom\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti sotva zakotvena: smlouva Two Plus Four.<\/p>\n<p>Mnoho lid\u00ed ji zn\u00e1 podle jm\u00e9na. M\u00e1lokdo v\u0161ak v\u00ed, co p\u0159esn\u011b bylo v n\u011bm upraveno. Je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e9n\u011b lid\u00ed se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 ot\u00e1zkou, jak\u00fd v\u00fdznam maj\u00ed tyto dohody je\u0161t\u011b dnes - v\u00edce ne\u017e t\u0159i desetilet\u00ed po sjednocen\u00ed N\u011bmecka, ve sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00fd se z\u00e1sadn\u011b zm\u011bnil v politick\u00e9m, vojensk\u00e9m i soci\u00e1ln\u00edm ohledu.<!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" nikdy nem\u011bla b\u00fdt pouhou formalitou. Podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va byla p\u0159edpokladem pro to, aby N\u011bmecko znovu z\u00edskalo plnou st\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenitu. Bez n\u00ed by ke sjednocen\u00ed v t\u00e9to podob\u011b nedo\u0161lo. Upravovala nejen hranice, spojenectv\u00ed a pohyby vojsk, ale tak\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bru tehdej\u0161\u00edch v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed v p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9 budouc\u00ed N\u011bmecko. Tato d\u016fv\u011bra nemohla b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za samoz\u0159ejmost - a byla spojena s jasn\u00fdmi sliby.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-904 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-904 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Soci\u00e1ln\u00ed ot\u00e1zky sou\u010dasnosti<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-904\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"wie tiere zeit wahrnehmen &#8211; und was das f\u00fcr die zukunft der ki bedeutet\" data-id=\"4918\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft ki-systeme\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle erfahrungen k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz llm portrait prozesse sprachmodell\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/jak-zvirata-vnimaji-cas-a-co-to-znamena-pro-budoucnost-ki\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jak zv\u00ed\u0159ata vn\u00edmaj\u00ed \u010das - a co to znamen\u00e1 pro budoucnost um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Zv\u00ed\u0159ata, um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasu\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tiere-KI-Zeitwahrnehmung.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tiere-KI-Zeitwahrnehmung.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tiere-KI-Zeitwahrnehmung-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tiere-KI-Zeitwahrnehmung-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Tiere-KI-Zeitwahrnehmung-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/jak-zvirata-vnimaji-cas-a-co-to-znamena-pro-budoucnost-ki\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jak zv\u00ed\u0159ata vn\u00edmaj\u00ed \u010das - a co to znamen\u00e1 pro budoucnost um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligence<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"vom ende der wehrpflicht bis zu schulstreiks: die neue debatte \u00fcber bundeswehr und bildung\" data-id=\"5147\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit sicherheitspolitik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/od-ukonceni-povinne-vojenske-sluzby-ke-skolnim-stavkam-nova-debata-o-nemeckych-ozbrojenych-silach-a-vzdelavani\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Od ukon\u010den\u00ed povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby ke st\u00e1vk\u00e1m ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch: nov\u00e1 debata o Bundeswehru a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"St\u00e1vky \u0161kol proti povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b a Bundeswehru ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/od-ukonceni-povinne-vojenske-sluzby-ke-skolnim-stavkam-nova-debata-o-nemeckych-ozbrojenych-silach-a-vzdelavani\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Od ukon\u010den\u00ed povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby ke st\u00e1vk\u00e1m ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch: nov\u00e1 debata o Bundeswehru a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"wenn pflicht wieder pflicht wird. eine art essay von herrn von l&#8217;oreot.\" data-id=\"3010\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland erfahrungen geopolitik krisen pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung sicherheitspolitik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/kdyz-se-povinnost-opet-stava-povinnosti-druh-eseje-pana-von-loreota\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Kdy\u017e se povinnost op\u011bt stane povinnost\u00ed. Jak\u00e1si esej pana von L'oreota.<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Ne\u010dekan\u00fd telefon\u00e1t\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-anruf.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-anruf.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-anruf-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-anruf-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/loreot-pflicht-anruf-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/10\/kdyz-se-povinnost-opet-stava-povinnosti-druh-eseje-pana-von-loreota\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kdy\u017e se povinnost op\u011bt stane povinnost\u00ed. Jak\u00e1si esej pana von L'oreota.<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"was unsere opas vom krieg erz\u00e4hlten &#8211; und warum diese stimmen heute fehlen\" data-id=\"4674\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland erfahrungen europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit musik sicherheitspolitik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/co-nam-nasi-dedove-vypraveli-o-valce-a-proc-tyto-hlasy-dnes-chybi\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Co n\u00e1m na\u0161i d\u011bde\u010dkov\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bli o v\u00e1lce - a pro\u010d tyto hlasy dnes chyb\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"V\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 vzpom\u00ednky d\u011bde\u010dk\u016f\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Opa-Kriegserinnerungen-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/co-nam-nasi-dedove-vypraveli-o-valce-a-proc-tyto-hlasy-dnes-chybi\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Co n\u00e1m na\u0161i d\u011bde\u010dkov\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bli o v\u00e1lce - a pro\u010d tyto hlasy dnes chyb\u00ed<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o smlouv\u011b \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i<\/h2>\n<p><strong>08.05.2026<\/strong>B\u00fdval\u00fd rusk\u00fd prezident Dmitrij Medved\u011bv <a href=\"https:\/\/www.welt.de\/politik\/ausland\/article69fc6e5a0696bba25ef31ad9\/dmitri-medwedjew-russlands-ex-praesident-spricht-geeintem-deutschland-existenzberechtigung-ab-und-unterstellt-revanchegelueste.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>podle zpr\u00e1vy spole\u010dnosti WELT<\/strong><\/a> zpochybnil pr\u00e1vn\u00ed z\u00e1klad sjednocen\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka a v\u00fdslovn\u011b se odvolal na smlouvu \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" z roku 1990. Podle n\u011bkolika zpr\u00e1v v m\u00e9di\u00edch Medved\u011bv tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee N\u011bmecko poru\u0161ilo ustanoven\u00ed smlouvy nov\u00fdmi strukturami NATO ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku - zejm\u00e9na n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edm velitelstv\u00edm v Rostocku. Z\u00e1klad n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho sjednocen\u00ed je tak \u00fadajn\u011b po\u0161kozen.<\/p>\n<p>Argumentuje tak\u00e9 t\u00edm, \u017ee nikdy neprob\u011bhlo p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 referendum o sjednocen\u00ed, a proto je legitimita sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu sporn\u00e1. Odborn\u00edci na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo v\u0161ak tento n\u00e1zor jednozna\u010dn\u011b odm\u00edtaj\u00ed a zd\u016fraz\u0148uj\u00ed, \u017ee sjednocen\u00ed bylo pr\u00e1vn\u011b pln\u011b platn\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b tento proces ukazuje, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry se smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" op\u011bt stala sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed geopolitick\u00fdch spor\u016f. Je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zar\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee historick\u00e9 smluvn\u00ed ot\u00e1zky jsou st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny pro aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed politick\u00e9 a propagandistick\u00e9 konflikty.<\/p>\n<p><strong>05.05.2026<\/strong>: MDR informuje o pr\u00e1vn\u00edch souvislostech, kter\u00e9 se t\u00fdkaj\u00ed <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdr.de\/nachrichten\/deutschland\/politik\/us-nato-truppen-ostdeutschland-zwei-plus-vier-vertrag-100.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed jednotek USA a NATO ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku<\/strong><\/a> a odkazuje na smlouvu \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" z roku 1990, kter\u00e1 upravovala podm\u00ednky sjednocen\u00ed N\u011bmecka a dodnes obsahuje kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 ustanoven\u00ed t\u00fdkaj\u00edc\u00ed se bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Podle t\u00e9to smlouvy nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt v nov\u00fdch spolkov\u00fdch zem\u00edch trvale um\u00edst\u011bny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 ciz\u00ed ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 plat\u00ed d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dohoda o pobytu vojsk NATO pouze pro z\u00e1padn\u00ed N\u011bmecko, nikoliv v\u0161ak pro v\u00fdchodn\u00ed spolkov\u00e9 zem\u011b. MDR uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee mohou existovat v\u00fdjimky, jako jsou do\u010dasn\u00e9 pobyty nebo cvi\u010den\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou v\u0161ak pr\u00e1vn\u011b jasn\u011b odli\u0161eny od trval\u00e9ho um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed. Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 video MDR ukazuje nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi n\u011bmeckou kancl\u00e9\u0159kou a americk\u00fdm prezidentem.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_SBGIn1binI0\"><div id=\"lyte_SBGIn1binI0\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FSBGIn1binI0%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/SBGIn1binI0\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FSBGIn1binI0%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nSt\u00e1hne nyn\u00ed Trump sv\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky z N\u011bmecka? | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@mdr-aktuell\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">MDR AKTUELL Talk<\/a><\/p>\n<p>V pozad\u00ed tohoto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bylo politick\u00e9 vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu sjednocov\u00e1n\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na ve vztahu k b\u00fdval\u00e9mu Sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu svazu. Celkov\u011b \u010dl\u00e1nek ukazuje, \u017ee historick\u00e9 dohody maj\u00ed dodnes konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed dopady na vojenskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost v N\u011bmecku a \u017ee sou\u010dasn\u00e9 debaty jsou siln\u011b charakterizov\u00e1ny t\u011bmito star\u00fdmi smluvn\u00edmi liniemi.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Smlouva z jin\u00e9 doby - s dne\u0161n\u00edmi d\u016fsledky<\/h2>\n<p>Smlouva byla uzav\u0159ena v historicky v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 situaci: konec studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, rozpad v\u00fdchodn\u00edho bloku, odchod sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk ze st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropy. Tato situace otev\u0159ela politickou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost, kter\u00e1 umo\u017enila p\u0159ekonat desetilet\u00ed blokov\u00e9 konfrontace. Cenou za to nebylo pod\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, ale vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 ochrana. N\u011bmecko z\u00edskalo suverenitu - a na opl\u00e1tku se zav\u00e1zalo k vojensk\u00e9 zdr\u017eenlivosti.<\/p>\n<p>Tato sebeomezen\u00ed zahrnovala stanoven\u00ed horn\u00ed hranice ozbrojen\u00fdch sil, z\u0159eknut\u00ed se n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f zbran\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed o um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ciz\u00edch vojsk na n\u011bmeck\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed. To v\u0161e nebylo formulov\u00e1no n\u00e1hodn\u011b, ale z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b zformov\u00e1no do smlouvy, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla vytvo\u0159it mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bru.<\/p>\n<p>Dnes se tento historick\u00fd kontext \u010dasto ignoruje. Politick\u00e9 debaty maj\u00ed tendenci pova\u017eovat smlouvy za nedotknuteln\u00e9 nebo zastaral\u00e9. Oboj\u00ed je v\u0161ak nedostate\u010dn\u00e9. Smlouvy jsou v\u00fdrazem sv\u00e9 doby - neztr\u00e1cej\u00ed v\u0161ak automaticky sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam jen proto, \u017ee se m\u011bn\u00ed okolnosti. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto stoj\u00ed za to se na n\u011b pod\u00edvat bl\u00ed\u017ee.<\/p>\n<h3>Sou\u010dasn\u00e9 debaty, star\u00e9 z\u00e1klady<\/h3>\n<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 diskuse o roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed Bundeswehru, nov\u00fdch modelech vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby a roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed z\u00e1vazk\u016f v NATO nevyhnuteln\u011b vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zky, kter\u00e9 p\u0159esahuj\u00ed r\u00e1mec ka\u017edodenn\u00ed politiky. Jak z\u00e1vazn\u00e9 jsou dnes p\u0159edchoz\u00ed z\u00e1vazky? Kde kon\u010d\u00ed legitimn\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e9 obch\u00e1zen\u00ed? A jakou roli zde hraj\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jemnosti, jako je rozd\u00edl mezi \u201enasazen\u00edm\u201c a \u201erotac\u00ed\u201c nebo mezi aktivn\u00edmi jednotkami a z\u00e1lohami?<\/p>\n<p>Na tyto ot\u00e1zky nelze odpov\u011bd\u011bt pomoc\u00ed m\u00f3dn\u00edch slov. Vy\u017eaduj\u00ed kategorizaci, historickou rekapitulaci a st\u0159\u00edzlivou \u00favahu o tom, co bylo skute\u010dn\u011b dohodnuto - a co ne. Pr\u00e1v\u011b k tomu slou\u017e\u00ed tento \u010dl\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n<h3>C\u00edl tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/h3>\n<p>Tento text nen\u00ed ani obvin\u011bn\u00edm, ani popla\u0161n\u00fdm v\u00fdk\u0159ikem. Jeho c\u00edlem je pochopit, nikoli odsoudit. Je ur\u010den \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed nepot\u0159ebuj\u00ed m\u00edt \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed znalosti, ale kte\u0159\u00ed jsou p\u0159ipraveni zab\u00fdvat se diferencovanou anal\u00fdzou. C\u00edlem je vysv\u011btlovat krok za krokem,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pro\u010d byla uzav\u0159ena smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\",<\/li>\n<li>kter\u00e9 \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy obsahuje,<\/li>\n<li>jak jsou tyto p\u0159edpisy vykl\u00e1d\u00e1ny dnes,<\/li>\n<li>a kde vznik\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00e9 politick\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uk\u00e1\u017ee se, \u017ee m\u00e1lokdy jde o jasn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed pr\u00e1va, ale \u010dasto o \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3ny, politick\u00e9 v\u00fdklady a ot\u00e1zku, jakou d\u016fv\u011bru mohou mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dohody je\u0161t\u011b podporovat, kdy\u017e se zm\u011bn\u00ed pom\u011br sil.<\/p>\n<h3>V\u00fdzva ke st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e9mu zamy\u0161len\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 je u\u017eite\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159ipomenout si klidn\u00e9 z\u00e1klady evropsk\u00fdch pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch d\u011bjin, zejm\u00e9na v dob\u011b rostouc\u00edho nap\u011bt\u00ed. Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" symbolizuje okam\u017eik, kdy bezpe\u010dnost nebyla definov\u00e1na maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed silou, ale vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdm omezen\u00edm. Nen\u00ed trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed ot\u00e1zkou, zda je tento zp\u016fsob my\u0161len\u00ed relevantn\u00ed i dnes - nebo zda by m\u011bl b\u00fdt op\u011bt relevantn\u00ed. Lze ji v\u0161ak zodpov\u011bd\u011bt pouze tehdy, pokud v\u00edte, na co se odvol\u00e1v\u00e1te.<\/p>\n<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek v\u00e1s k tomu vyb\u00edz\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4790 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Kalter-Krieg.jpg\" alt=\"N\u011bmecko p\u0159ed sjednocen\u00edm\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Kalter-Krieg.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Kalter-Krieg-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Kalter-Krieg-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Kalter-Krieg-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>Pro\u010d byla smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" v\u016fbec zapot\u0159eb\u00ed?<\/h2>\n<p>Po skon\u010den\u00ed druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky nebylo N\u011bmecko suver\u00e9nn\u00edm st\u00e1tem v tradi\u010dn\u00edm slova smyslu. Neexistovala m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva ani jasn\u00fd mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d, kter\u00fd by trvale upravoval postaven\u00ed zem\u011b. M\u00edsto toho \u010dty\u0159i v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9 mocnosti - USA, Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz, Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie a Francie - p\u0159evzaly rozs\u00e1hl\u00e1 pr\u00e1va a povinnosti. N\u011bmecko z\u016fstalo politick\u00fdm provizoriem s otev\u0159enou budoucnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tato \u201en\u011bmeck\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka\u201c byla po desetilet\u00ed jedn\u00edm z \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch bod\u016f konfliktu v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politice. T\u00fdkala se nejen hranic a forem vl\u00e1dy, ale p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm obav, \u017ee by se hospod\u00e1\u0159sky siln\u00e9 N\u011bmecko mohlo op\u011bt st\u00e1t vojenskou mocnost\u00ed. Tento strach m\u011bl na pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed hlub\u0161\u00ed dopad, ne\u017e si dnes \u010dasto uv\u011bdomujeme.<\/p>\n<h3>Dva n\u011bmeck\u00e9 st\u00e1ty - ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kone\u010dn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Zalo\u017een\u00edm Spolkov\u00e9 republiky N\u011bmecko a N\u011bmeck\u00e9 demokratick\u00e9 republiky v roce 1949 do\u0161lo k faktick\u00e9mu rozd\u011blen\u00ed. Politicky se vr\u00e1til m\u00edr, ale ne pr\u00e1vn\u011b. Oba st\u00e1ty existovaly s v\u00fdhradou: v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9 mocnosti si vyhradily rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1va, zejm\u00e9na pokud jde o Berl\u00edn, vojensk\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a jednotu N\u011bmecka jako celku.<\/p>\n<p>Tato konstrukce fungovala, dokud studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka jasn\u011b vymezovala fronty. Nikdy v\u0161ak nebyla zam\u00fd\u0161lena jako trval\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed. Ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm c\u00edlem z\u016fstalo sjednocen\u00ed - i kdy\u017e za podm\u00ednek, kter\u00e9 nikdo v\u00e1\u017en\u011b nespecifikoval. To se zm\u011bnilo a\u017e na konci 80. let.<\/p>\n<h3>Konec studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky jako historick\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost<\/h3>\n<p>Politick\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve v\u00fdchodn\u00ed Evrop\u011b, reformn\u00ed politika Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu a p\u00e1d Berl\u00ednsk\u00e9 zdi otev\u0159ely p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost, kter\u00e1 byla d\u0159\u00edve nemysliteln\u00e1. Jednota N\u011bmecka se n\u00e1hle stala re\u00e1lnou vyhl\u00eddkou. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se objevila nov\u00e1 nejistota: jak m\u00e1 b\u00fdt sjednocen\u00e9 N\u011bmecko za\u010dlen\u011bno do evropsk\u00e9ho a sv\u011btov\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du?<\/p>\n<p>\u010cty\u0159em v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdm mocnostem bylo jasn\u00e9, \u017ee jednota N\u011bmecka je p\u0159ijateln\u00e1 pouze tehdy, je-li spojena s jasn\u00fdmi z\u00e1vazky. Tyto sliby m\u011bly zabr\u00e1nit nekontrolovan\u00e9mu n\u00e1vratu star\u00fdch mocensk\u00fdch konstelac\u00ed. Sjednocen\u00ed tedy nebylo \u010dist\u011b vnit\u0159n\u00edm n\u011bmeck\u00fdm projektem, ale mezin\u00e1rodn\u011b vyjedn\u00e1van\u00fdm procesem.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d bylo nutn\u00e9 uzav\u0159\u00edt zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed smlouvu<\/h3>\n<p>Klasick\u00e1 m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva nep\u0159ipadala v \u00favahu. Historick\u00e1 prov\u00e1zanost byla p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slo\u017eit\u00e1 a z\u00e1jmy z\u00fa\u010dastn\u011bn\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 rozd\u00edln\u00e9. M\u00edsto toho se vyvinul takzvan\u00fd form\u00e1t \u201edva plus \u010dty\u0159i\u201c: dva n\u011bmeck\u00e9 st\u00e1ty jednaly o vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch aspektech jednoty spole\u010dn\u011b se \u010dty\u0159mi v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdmi mocnostmi.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00fdsledkem byla smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\", kter\u00e1 nebyla oby\u010dejnou smlouvou, ale pr\u00e1vn\u00edm poj\u00edtkem mezi pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00edm a novou evropskou realitou. Jej\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo uzav\u0159\u00edt minulost, ani\u017e by ji potla\u010dila.<\/p>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm motivem smlouvy byla d\u016fv\u011bra. V\u00edt\u011bzn\u00e9 mocnosti byly p\u0159ipraveny poskytnout N\u011bmecku plnou suverenitu - ale pouze pod podm\u00ednkou, \u017ee toto N\u011bmecko z\u016fstane p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9. Vojensk\u00e1 zdr\u017eenlivost proto nebyla \u00fastupkem ze slabosti, ale z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00fdm politick\u00fdm sign\u00e1lem.<\/p>\n<p>Logika byla jednoduch\u00e1: bezpe\u010dnost se nem\u011bla vytv\u00e1\u0159et maxim\u00e1ln\u00edm zbrojen\u00edm, ale transparentn\u00edm omezov\u00e1n\u00edm. V dob\u011b, kdy byly v Evrop\u011b rozm\u00edst\u011bny miliony voj\u00e1k\u016f, bylo omezen\u00ed pova\u017eov\u00e1no za stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed prvek. N\u011bmecko tuto roli p\u0159ijalo - tak\u00e9 proto, \u017ee p\u0159ipravila cestu k jednot\u011b.<\/p>\n<h3>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00faloha vojensk\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek<\/h3>\n<p>Jen m\u00e1lokter\u00e1 jin\u00e1 oblast byla tak citliv\u00e1 jako arm\u00e1da. Vzpom\u00ednky na dv\u011b sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky byly st\u00e1le p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na u partner\u016f pro jedn\u00e1n\u00ed na v\u00fdchod od Labe. Ot\u00e1zky po\u010dtu voj\u00e1k\u016f, typ\u016f zbran\u00ed a rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed byly upraveny do odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00edch detail\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto p\u0159edpisy nebyly technick\u00fdm dopl\u0148kem, ale j\u00e1drem mechanismu d\u016fv\u011bry. Signalizovaly, \u017ee sjednocen\u00e9 N\u011bmecko nechce p\u0159evz\u00edt nad\u0159azenou roli, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e se za\u010dlenit do st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch struktur. Pr\u00e1v\u011b z tohoto d\u016fvodu byly vojensk\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky neodd\u011bliteln\u011b spjaty se znovuz\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00edm suverenity.<\/p>\n<h3>Smlouva jako politick\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br<\/h3>\n<p>Pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed form\u00e1ln\u011b ukon\u010dila smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\". Vypr\u0161ela pr\u00e1va \u010dty\u0159 mocnost\u00ed, Berl\u00edn se stal sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed suver\u00e9nn\u00edho st\u00e1tu a N\u011bmecko z\u00edskalo plnou svobodu jedn\u00e1n\u00ed ve vnit\u0159n\u00edch i vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 se zem\u011b dobrovoln\u011b zav\u00e1zala k jasn\u00fdm omezen\u00edm sv\u00e9ho jedn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tento dvoj\u00ed pohyb - na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b svoboda, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b sebeob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed - je historick\u00fdm j\u00e1drem smlouvy. Je v\u00fdrazem politick\u00e9ho konsensu, kter\u00fd byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1n za historicky rozumn\u00fd: siln\u00e9 N\u011bmecko zakotven\u00e9 v pravidlech.<\/p>\n<p>Bez tohoto historick\u00e9ho porozum\u011bn\u00ed lze sou\u010dasn\u00e9 debaty jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed kategorizovat. Ti, kdo smlouvu pova\u017euj\u00ed pouze za form\u00e1ln\u00ed dokument, p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eej\u00ed jej\u00ed skute\u010dnou funkci. Nikdy nebyla zam\u00fd\u0161lena jako kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9 p\u0159echodn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed, ale jako dlouhodob\u00e9 ukotven\u00ed stability. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto stoj\u00ed za to se ohl\u00e9dnout zp\u011bt. Ne z nostalgie, ale proto, abychom pochopili, pro\u010d ur\u010dit\u00e1 na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed existuj\u00ed - a jak\u00e9 politick\u00e9 my\u0161lenky byly jejich z\u00e1kladem. Pouze na tomto z\u00e1klad\u011b m\u016f\u017eeme posoudit, nakolik jsou \u017eivotaschopn\u00e1 i dnes.<\/p>\n<p>V dal\u0161\u00ed kapitole se proto zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na to, co p\u0159esn\u011b bylo ve smlouv\u011b upraveno - nikoliv pr\u00e1vn\u011b, ale srozumiteln\u011b. Proto\u017ee jen ten, kdo zn\u00e1 obsah, m\u016f\u017ee pozd\u011bji smyslupln\u011b diskutovat o v\u00fdkladu, \u00faprav\u011b \u010di omezen\u00edch.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4791 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-1990.jpg\" alt=\"N\u011bmecko po smlouv\u011b &quot;dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-1990.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-1990-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-1990-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-1990-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h2>P\u0159ehled smlouvy: Co vlastn\u011b upravuje smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\"?<\/h2>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" nen\u00ed voln\u011b sestaven\u00fdm svazkem politick\u00fdch slib\u016f. Byla koncipov\u00e1na jako ucelen\u00fd bal\u00ed\u010dek, v n\u011bm\u017e jednotliv\u00e1 ustanoven\u00ed teprve v souvislostech pln\u011b rozvinou sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se dnes odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 pouze na jednotliv\u00e9 pas\u00e1\u017ee - jako jsou vojensk\u00e9 po\u010dty nebo ot\u00e1zky rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed - bez p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00ed k celkov\u00e9mu kontextu, riskuje, \u017ee mu unikne smysl smlouvy.<\/p>\n<p>C\u00edlem bylo zajistit mezin\u00e1rodn\u011bpr\u00e1vn\u00ed jednotu N\u011bmecka a z\u00e1rove\u0148 stabilizovat evropsk\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d. Tomu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 i \u0161irok\u00fd z\u00e1b\u011br p\u0159edpis\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Pln\u00e1 suverenita - s jasn\u00fdm kone\u010dn\u00fdm bodem pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem smlouvy je obnoven\u00ed pln\u00e9 st\u00e1tn\u00ed suverenity N\u011bmecka. Jej\u00ed vstup v platnost ukon\u010dil zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pr\u00e1va \u010dty\u0159 v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdch mocnost\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na ve vztahu k Berl\u00ednu a ot\u00e1zk\u00e1m bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. N\u011bmecko tak bylo pr\u00e1vn\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1no za \u201enorm\u00e1ln\u00ed\u201c st\u00e1t - s vlastn\u00ed svobodou rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed ve vnit\u0159n\u00edch i vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1le\u017eitostech.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edmto krokem bylo tak\u00e9 form\u00e1ln\u011b uzav\u0159eno pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed. Skon\u010dila desetilet\u00ed v\u00fdhrad, p\u0159echodn\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch konstrukc\u00ed. Smlouva tak vnesla jasno - nejen pro N\u011bmecko, ale pro celou Evropu.<\/p>\n<h3>Kone\u010dn\u00e9 limity - z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 z\u0159eknut\u00ed se revize<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1kladn\u00edm kamenem smlouvy je uzn\u00e1n\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch hranic. N\u011bmecko v\u00fdslovn\u011b potvrdilo, \u017ee jeho \u00fazem\u00ed tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdhradn\u011b \u00fazem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 Spolkov\u00e9 republiky, NDR a cel\u00fd Berl\u00edn. To bylo spojeno s kone\u010dn\u00fdm vzd\u00e1n\u00edm se v\u0161ech dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fazemn\u00edch n\u00e1rok\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Toto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u011blo obrovsk\u00fd politick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. Signalizovalo, \u017ee sjednocen\u00e9 N\u011bmecko nem\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 revizionistick\u00e9 ambice. Zejm\u00e9na pro sousedn\u00ed st\u00e1ty na v\u00fdchod\u011b to byl kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd p\u0159edpoklad pro souhlas se sjednocen\u00edm. Ot\u00e1zka hranic tak byla z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b jednou prov\u017edy uzav\u0159ena.<\/p>\n<h3>Svoboda spojenectv\u00ed - zakotven\u00e1, nikoli izolovan\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p>Smlouva jasn\u011b stanovila, \u017ee N\u011bmecko m\u00e1 pr\u00e1vo svobodn\u011b se rozhodnout o sv\u00e9m \u010dlenstv\u00ed v alianci. To v\u00fdslovn\u011b zahrnovalo i \u010dlenstv\u00ed v NATO. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 tato alian\u010dn\u00ed svoboda nebyla zam\u00fd\u0161lena jako bianko \u0161ek, ale byla zakotvena v ostatn\u00edch z\u00e1vazc\u00edch smlouvy.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bmecko by m\u011blo b\u00fdt sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch struktur - nikoli jejich dominantn\u00edm akt\u00e9rem. I zde je patrn\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00ed logika smlouvy: M\u00edsto zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed role integrace, m\u00edsto autonomie zapojen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Vojensk\u00e1 zdr\u017eenlivost jako sign\u00e1l d\u016fv\u011bry<\/h3>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost byla v\u011bnov\u00e1na vojensk\u00fdm p\u0159edpis\u016fm. N\u011bmecko se zav\u00e1zalo omezit po\u010detn\u00ed stav sv\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil a upustit od n\u011bkter\u00fdch druh\u016f zbran\u00ed. Tyto z\u00e1vazky nebyly motivov\u00e1ny technicky, ale politicky. M\u011bly vytvo\u0159it d\u016fv\u011bru - zejm\u00e9na u t\u011bch st\u00e1t\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly historicky obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00e9 na n\u011bmeckou vojenskou s\u00edlu.<\/p>\n<p>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee tato sebeomezen\u00ed byla p\u0159ijata dobrovoln\u011b. Nebyly to vnucen\u00e9 sankce, ale sou\u010d\u00e1st politick\u00e9ho barteru: suverenita v\u00fdm\u011bnou za p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u0159eknut\u00ed se zbran\u00ed hromadn\u00e9ho ni\u010den\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Smlouva potvrdila, \u017ee se N\u011bmecko trvale vzd\u00e1v\u00e1 jadern\u00fdch, biologick\u00fdch a chemick\u00fdch zbran\u00ed. Pokra\u010dovala tak v linii, kter\u00e1 byla ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve stanovena politicky, ale nyn\u00ed byla jasn\u011b zakotvena v mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm pr\u00e1vu.<\/p>\n<p>Tento bod je dodnes pom\u011brn\u011b nesporn\u00fd. Zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee c\u00edlem smlouvy nebyla pouze kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e1 stabilita, ale tak\u00e9 dlouhodob\u00e9 sebeur\u010den\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky N\u011bmecka.<\/p>\n<h3>Nasazen\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edch vojsk - citliv\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b citliv\u00e1 oblast se t\u00fdk\u00e1 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ciz\u00edch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil na \u00fazem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 NDR. Smlouva zde stanovila jasn\u00e1 omezen\u00ed, kter\u00e1 zohled\u0148ovala p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed pot\u0159eby b\u00fdval\u00e9ho Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu.<\/p>\n<p>Tato na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byla z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b formulov\u00e1na p\u0159esn\u011b - a z\u00e1rove\u0148 dostate\u010dn\u011b otev\u0159en\u011b, aby zcela neblokovala politick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde se dodnes objevuj\u00ed v\u00fdkladov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky, nap\u0159\u00edklad v rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi st\u00e1l\u00fdm um\u00edst\u011bn\u00edm, do\u010dasn\u00fdm pobytem a rotuj\u00edc\u00edmi kontingenty. Toto rozli\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pr\u00e1vn\u011b spr\u00e1vn\u00e9, ale ne v\u017edy je politicky p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 - co\u017e je oblast nap\u011bt\u00ed, kter\u00e1 bude pozd\u011bji hr\u00e1t \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli.<\/p>\n<h3>Sta\u017een\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk - p\u0159edpoklad jednoty<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm bodem bylo \u00fapln\u00e9 sta\u017een\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil z v\u00fdchodn\u00edho N\u011bmecka. Toto sta\u017een\u00ed bylo jasn\u011b napl\u00e1nov\u00e1no a pozd\u011bji pln\u011b realizov\u00e1no. Bez tohoto z\u00e1vazku by bylo sjednocen\u00ed politicky nemysliteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bmecko se z\u00e1rove\u0148 zav\u00e1zalo, \u017ee tento proces finan\u010dn\u011b a logisticky podpo\u0159\u00ed. To tak\u00e9 sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee: Smlouva nebyla jednostrann\u00fdm dikt\u00e1tem, ale slo\u017eitou s\u00edt\u00ed vz\u00e1jemn\u00fdch \u00fastupk\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Z\u00e1vazek k m\u00edru a politick\u00e9mu sebeprosazen\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Smlouva tak\u00e9 obsahuje jasn\u00fd z\u00e1vazek k m\u00edru. N\u011bmecko v\u00fdslovn\u011b prohl\u00e1silo, \u017ee z jeho \u00fazem\u00ed m\u00e1 vych\u00e1zet pouze m\u00edr. Tato formulace byla v\u00edc ne\u017e jen symbolika. Slou\u017eila k za\u0159azen\u00ed sjednocen\u00e9ho N\u011bmecka do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd se cht\u011bl zam\u011b\u0159it sp\u00ed\u0161e na spolupr\u00e1ci ne\u017e na konfrontaci.<\/p>\n<p>Tento dobrovoln\u00fd z\u00e1vazek je z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska m\u00e9n\u011b konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed ne\u017e jin\u00e9 p\u0159edpisy, ale z politick\u00e9ho hlediska je nem\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd. Tvo\u0159\u00ed normativn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, v n\u011bm\u017e je t\u0159eba ch\u00e1pat ostatn\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d maj\u00ed jednotliv\u00e9 body smysl pouze dohromady<\/h3>\n<p>P\u0159i pohledu na smlouvu \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" jako na celek je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z jej\u00edch ustanoven\u00ed nen\u00ed samostatn\u00e9. Suverenita, hranice, neanga\u017eovanost a vojensk\u00e1 zdr\u017eenlivost tvo\u0159\u00ed vyv\u00e1\u017een\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Ten, kdo t\u00e1hne za jeden provaz, nevyhnuteln\u011b ovliv\u0148uje stabilitu celku.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je problematick\u00e9 diskutovat o jednotliv\u00fdch bodech izolovan\u011b bez zohledn\u011bn\u00ed historick\u00fdch a politick\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed. Smlouva \u017eije ze sv\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed logiky - a tuto logiku lze pochopit pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed jej\u00edch slo\u017eek.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitola se proto zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na jeden z \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edch sporn\u00fdch bod\u016f: horn\u00ed hranici stanovenou pro ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly a jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam tehdy a dnes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_IiOEAumyrRo\"><div id=\"lyte_IiOEAumyrRo\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FIiOEAumyrRo%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/IiOEAumyrRo\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FIiOEAumyrRo%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nDen n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jednoty - tagesschau z 3. \u0159\u00edjna 1990 | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@tagesschau\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">zpravodajsk\u00fd program<\/a><\/p>\n<h2>Vojensk\u00fd strop: postava s politickou vahou<\/h2>\n<p>V centru mnoha dne\u0161n\u00edch debat je na prvn\u00ed pohled nen\u00e1padn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo: 370 000 - horn\u00ed hranice po\u010dtu n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil stanoven\u00e1 ve smlouv\u011b \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\". Toto \u010d\u00edslo se v politick\u00fdch diskus\u00edch \u010dasto objevuje izolovan\u011b - jako \u00fadajn\u011b zastaral\u00fd parametr z jin\u00e9 doby. Ve skute\u010dnosti je v\u0161ak v\u00fdrazem velmi specifick\u00e9ho politick\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 daleko p\u0159esahovalo pouhou statistiku voj\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Stanoven\u00ed t\u00e9to horn\u00ed hranice nebylo d\u00edlem n\u00e1hody ani nepodstatnou \u00fa\u010detn\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed. Byla v\u00fdsledkem intenzivn\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a odr\u00e1\u017eela \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed pot\u0159ebu bezpe\u010dnosti tehdej\u0161\u00edch vyjedn\u00e1vac\u00edch partner\u016f: sjednocen\u00e9 N\u011bmecko by m\u011blo b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u011b siln\u00e9, aby se mohlo integrovat - ale ne tak siln\u00e9, aby znovu podn\u00edtilo star\u00e9 obavy.<\/p>\n<h3>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u011bpolitick\u00e1 situace v roce 1990<\/h3>\n<p>Abyste pochopili v\u00fdznam hranice 370 000, mus\u00edte si p\u0159edstavit tehdej\u0161\u00ed situaci. Evropu st\u00e1le charakterizovaly miliony voj\u00e1k\u016f stoj\u00edc\u00edch proti sob\u011b pod\u00e9l hranic b\u00fdval\u00e9ho bloku. Bundeswehr star\u00e9 Spolkov\u00e9 republiky N\u011bmecko a N\u00e1rodn\u00ed lidov\u00e1 arm\u00e1da NDR m\u011bly dohromady v\u00fdrazn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010detn\u00ed stavy, ne\u017e byla pozd\u011bji stanoven\u00e1 horn\u00ed hranice.<\/p>\n<p>Sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu na 370 000 tak znamenalo v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 odzbrojen\u00ed. Bylo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed komplexn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zm\u011bny paradigmatu bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky: odklon od masov\u00fdch arm\u00e1d k d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e, transparentnosti a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 kontrole. N\u011bmecko se z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b ujalo pr\u016fkopnick\u00e9 role ve f\u00e1zi, v n\u00ed\u017e mnoh\u00e9 zem\u011b je\u0161t\u011b v\u00e1haly.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00edrov\u00e1 s\u00edla m\u00edsto mobiliza\u010dn\u00ed fantazie<\/h3>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dovou ot\u00e1zkou je, \u010deho se tento \u00fadaj t\u00fdk\u00e1. Smlouva odkazuje na s\u00edlu ozbrojen\u00fdch sil v dob\u011b m\u00edru. Mysl\u00ed se t\u00edm aktivn\u00ed s\u00edly, nikoli teoretick\u00fd mobiliza\u010dn\u00ed potenci\u00e1l pro obranu. Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je z\u00e1sadn\u00ed, ale ve ve\u0159ejn\u00fdch debat\u00e1ch se \u010dasto st\u00edr\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Tehdej\u0161\u00ed logika byla jasn\u00e1: pokud st\u00e1t omez\u00ed svou vojenskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost v ka\u017edodenn\u00edm \u017eivot\u011b, tj. v dob\u011b m\u00edru, signalizuje to zdr\u017eenlivost a p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost. Naopak to, co by se stalo v extr\u00e9mn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obrany, nebylo z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b specifikov\u00e1no do posledn\u00edho detailu. I to ukazuje, \u017ee smlouva byla koncipov\u00e1na politicky, nikoli technokraticky.<\/p>\n<h3>Aktivn\u00ed a z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed s\u00edly - z\u00e1m\u011brn\u00e9 odd\u011blen\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Koncepce rezervy existovala ji\u017e v roce 1990. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b p\u0159i stanoven\u00ed horn\u00ed hranice hr\u00e1l pouze podru\u017enou roli. \u010c\u00edslo 370 000 bylo zam\u011b\u0159eno na voj\u00e1ky trvale ve slu\u017eb\u011b, tj. na vojenskou p\u0159\u00edtomnost, kter\u00e1 je trvale viditeln\u00e1 a politicky uzn\u00e1van\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Toto odd\u011blen\u00ed nebylo pr\u00e1vn\u00edm trikem, ale odpov\u00eddalo tehdej\u0161\u00edmu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed bezpe\u010dnosti. Velk\u00e1 rezerva nebyla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za bezprost\u0159edn\u00ed hrozbu, pokud nebyla trvale aktivov\u00e1na. Jin\u00fdmi slovy: viditelnost vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dopad - a pr\u00e1v\u011b tento dopad m\u011bl b\u00fdt omezen.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4792 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Truppenstaerke.jpg\" alt=\"Po\u010detn\u00ed stavy voj\u00e1k\u016f podle smlouvy &quot;dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Truppenstaerke.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Truppenstaerke-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Truppenstaerke-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Truppenstaerke-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Sebed\u016fv\u011bra jako p\u0159edpoklad suverenity<\/h3>\n<p>Vojensk\u00fd strop byl sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho politick\u00e9ho kompromisu. N\u011bmecko z\u00edskalo plnou suverenitu, v\u010detn\u011b svobody spojenectv\u00ed a mo\u017enosti jednat na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed \u00farovni. Na opl\u00e1tku se zav\u00e1zalo. Tento vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1vazek byl dobrovoln\u00fd - byla to v\u0161ak cena za d\u016fv\u011bru.<\/p>\n<p>Zejm\u00e9na tento bod je dnes \u010dasto p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017een. Horn\u00ed hranice nebyla vnucen\u00fdm omezen\u00edm, ale v\u011bdom\u011b dan\u00fdm slibem. Signalizoval: toto N\u011bmecko nechce b\u00fdt faktorem nejistoty v bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politice, ale stabilizuj\u00edc\u00edm akt\u00e9rem.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00edsla nejsou nikdy neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed. Vytv\u00e1\u0159ej\u00ed o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, stanovuj\u00ed standardy a strukturuj\u00ed debaty. Hranice 370 000 splnila p\u0159esn\u011b tuto funkci. D\u00e1vala soused\u016fm N\u011bmecka - zejm\u00e9na t\u011bm s historicky napjat\u00fdmi vztahy - konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed orientaci.<\/p>\n<p>Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee tento \u00fadaj je dnes vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako rigidn\u00ed nebo nerealistick\u00fd, nevypov\u00edd\u00e1 ani tak o smlouv\u011b, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e o zm\u011bn\u011b politick\u00e9ho vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Tehdy znamenala uvoln\u011bnost a spolehlivost. Dnes je st\u00e1le \u010dast\u011bji interpretov\u00e1n jako omezen\u00ed. Tato zm\u011bna v\u00fdznamu je politicky pochopiteln\u00e1, ale nen\u00ed automaticky pr\u00e1vn\u011b nebo historicky trivi\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Tenk\u00e1 hranice mezi v\u00fdkladem a obch\u00e1zen\u00edm<\/h3>\n<p>Zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed. Smlouvy je t\u0159eba vykl\u00e1dat, proto\u017ee souvislosti se m\u011bn\u00ed. Sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u0161ak ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svou integra\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edlu, kdy\u017e se z v\u00fdkladu stane systematick\u00e9 obch\u00e1zen\u00ed. Klasick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem t\u00e9to tenk\u00e9 hranice je vojensk\u00fd strop.<\/p>\n<p>Dokud aktivn\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00e9 s\u00edly z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b pod dohodnut\u00fdm limitem, lze tvrdit, \u017ee duch smlouvy je zachov\u00e1n. Pokud v\u0161ak dojde k pokusu o form\u00e1ln\u00ed dodr\u017een\u00ed limitu, zat\u00edmco ve skute\u010dnosti doch\u00e1z\u00ed k jeho trval\u00e9mu zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed, tento argument za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 sl\u00e1bnout. Pak se projev\u00ed rozd\u00edl mezi pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpustnost\u00ed a politickou poctivost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Historick\u00fd rozum m\u00edsto mor\u00e1ln\u00edho \u00fasudku<\/h3>\n<p>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee smlouva neobsahuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 mor\u00e1ln\u00ed hodnocen\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edly. Nezakazuje p\u0159ezbrojen\u00ed jako takov\u00e9. Formuluje historicky racion\u00e1ln\u00ed \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed pro konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed historick\u00fd okam\u017eik. Tento d\u016fvod spo\u010d\u00edval v tom, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnost nebyla definov\u00e1na jako maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed, ale jako dostate\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Tento zp\u016fsob my\u0161len\u00ed je dnes pod tlakem. Anal\u00fdzy hrozeb se zm\u011bnily, alian\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1vazky vzrostly, geopolitick\u00e9 jistoty se rozpadaj\u00ed. P\u0159esto z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zkou, zda ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u00faprava bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky nutn\u011b vy\u017eaduje kvantitativn\u00ed expanzi - nebo zda jsou mysliteln\u00e9 i jin\u00e9 formy stability.<\/p>\n<h3>Pro\u010d je limit 370 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f v\u00edc ne\u017e jen \u010d\u00edslo?<\/h3>\n<p>Nakonec lze \u0159\u00edci: Vojensk\u00fd strop ve smlouv\u011b \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" nen\u00ed technick\u00fdm detailem ze zapr\u00e1\u0161en\u00fdch spis\u016f. Je to symbol my\u0161len\u00ed o bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politice, kter\u00e9 zd\u016fraz\u0148ovalo sebeomezov\u00e1n\u00ed jako silnou str\u00e1nku. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo o n\u011bm dnes diskutuje, proto nediskutuje pouze o po\u010dtu voj\u00e1k\u016f, ale tak\u00e9 o z\u00e1kladn\u00edch p\u0159edpokladech bezpe\u010dnosti a d\u016fv\u011bry.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b na tento bod se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitole: Jak jsou tyto historick\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky interpretov\u00e1ny v kontextu NATO, v\u00fdchodon\u011bmeck\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky a modern\u00edch model\u016f rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed - a kde vznikaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 oblasti nap\u011bt\u00ed?<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum d\u016fv\u011bry v politiku<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"5a0ccc658fabdcf71210ac25b120a0a1\" data-pid=\"4674\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\"\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"76cb212c82\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"1\" data-uid=\"39708c7e9df9ce2dab6bdc466d875101\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"1\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">Jakou d\u016fv\u011bru m\u00e1te v politiku a m\u00e9dia v N\u011bmecku?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"12\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[1]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[1]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"1\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Velmi vysok\u00e1 - pln\u011b d\u016fv\u011b\u0159uji ofici\u00e1ln\u00edm org\u00e1n\u016fm<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"2\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"30\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[2]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[2]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"2\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">St\u0159edn\u00ed - Jsem opatrn\u00fd, ale ne z\u00e1sadn\u011b podez\u0159\u00edvav\u00fd.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"3\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"59\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[3]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[3]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"3\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">N\u00edzk\u00e1 - mnoho v\u011bc\u00ed si kontroluji s\u00e1m<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"4\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"268\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[4]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[4]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"4\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed - domn\u00edv\u00e1m se, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 je zast\u0159en\u00e9 nebo zinscenovan\u00e9.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#1636f0; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Hlasujte na<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"cs\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>NATO, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed N\u011bmecko a z\u00e1sada nenasazen\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Snad \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 oblast Smlouvy \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" nen\u00ed dodnes tak citliv\u00e1 jako ot\u00e1zka um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ciz\u00edch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil na \u00fazem\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00e9 NDR. Tento bod byl v roce 1990 obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd, proto\u017ee se p\u0159\u00edmo dot\u00fdkal bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch z\u00e1jm\u016f tehdej\u0161\u00edho Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu. V souladu s t\u00edm bylo jasn\u011b stanoveno, \u017ee zde nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt um\u00edst\u011bna \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 ciz\u00ed vojska ani jadern\u00e9 zbran\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Toto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed nebylo technick\u00fdm dopl\u0148kem, ale sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mechanismu politick\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bry, kter\u00fd sjednocen\u00ed N\u011bmecka v\u016fbec umo\u017enil. M\u011blo zajistit, aby geopolitick\u00fd posun zp\u016fsoben\u00fd sjednocen\u00edm nevedl k okam\u017eit\u00e9mu vojensk\u00e9mu posunu na b\u00fdval\u00e9 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed hranici Var\u0161avsk\u00e9 smlouvy.<\/p>\n<h3>Um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed tot\u00e9\u017e co p\u0159\u00edtomnost<\/h3>\n<p>Ji\u017e ze zn\u011bn\u00ed smlouvy - a je\u0161t\u011b z\u0159eteln\u011bji z jej\u00edho pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00edho v\u00fdkladu - vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 rozli\u0161en\u00ed, kter\u00e9 je pro pochopen\u00ed z\u00e1sadn\u00ed: um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed znamen\u00e1 st\u00e1lou, struktur\u00e1ln\u011b zakotvenou p\u0159\u00edtomnost ciz\u00edch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Je t\u0159eba ji odli\u0161it od do\u010dasn\u00e9ho pobytu, cvi\u010den\u00ed nebo tranzitu.<\/p>\n<p>Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je pr\u00e1vn\u011b uzn\u00e1van\u00e9 a b\u011b\u017en\u00e9 v mnoha mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch dohod\u00e1ch. Umo\u017e\u0148uje st\u00e1t\u016fm vojensky spolupracovat, ani\u017e by form\u00e1ln\u011b poru\u0161ovaly z\u00e1kazy um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je to bod, v n\u011bm\u017e se m\u016f\u017ee rozch\u00e1zet pr\u00e1vn\u00ed p\u0159esnost a politick\u00e9 c\u00edt\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Princip rotace jako pr\u00e1vn\u00ed konstrukce<\/h3>\n<p>V praxi se v posledn\u00edch letech st\u00e1le v\u00edce prosazuje tzv. rota\u010dn\u00ed princip. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zahrani\u010dn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 kontingenty nez\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed trvale na jednom m\u00edst\u011b, ale jsou v pravideln\u00fdch intervalech obm\u011b\u0148ov\u00e1ny. Form\u00e1ln\u011b vzato se nejedn\u00e1 o nasazen\u00ed, ale o s\u00e9rii do\u010dasn\u00fdch pobyt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska je tento p\u0159\u00edstup obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b napadnuteln\u00fd. Z politick\u00e9ho hlediska jej v\u0161ak n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed pozorovatel\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed za obch\u00e1zen\u00ed z definice. Ve skute\u010dnosti se vojensk\u00e1 realita - nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost - sotva li\u0161\u00ed od st\u00e1l\u00e9ho nasazen\u00ed, i kdy\u017e je z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska ozna\u010dov\u00e1na jinak. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde vznik\u00e1 oblast nap\u011bt\u00ed, kterou samotn\u00e1 smlouva nem\u016f\u017ee explicitn\u011b vy\u0159e\u0161it.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4793 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Stationierung-Rotation.jpg\" alt=\"Nasazen\u00ed nebo rotace voj\u00e1k\u016f NATO\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Stationierung-Rotation.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Stationierung-Rotation-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Stationierung-Rotation-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Stationierung-Rotation-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Rostock jako aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edklad<\/h3>\n<p>Dobr\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edkladem tohoto probl\u00e9mu je debata kolem vojensk\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed v Rostocku. Z pohledu N\u011bmecka a NATO se jedn\u00e1 o objekty, kter\u00e9 bu\u010f nespadaj\u00ed pod z\u00e1kaz rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, nebo jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za organiza\u010dn\u00ed, nebojov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed. Z rusk\u00e9ho pohledu se naopak tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee je zde podkop\u00e1v\u00e1n duch smlouvy.<\/p>\n<p>Oba n\u00e1zory se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vlastn\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00ed logikou. Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska lze tvrdit, \u017ee \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 nasazen\u00ed neexistuje. Z politick\u00e9ho hlediska lze rovn\u011b\u017e tvrdit, \u017ee faktick\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinek je pro bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed situaci relevantn\u00ed - bez ohledu na form\u00e1ln\u00ed kategorizaci. Samotn\u00e1 smlouva pro tento konflikt nestanov\u00ed jasn\u00e9 rozhod\u010d\u00ed pravidlo.<\/p>\n<h3>Rozd\u00edl mezi pr\u00e1vem a \u00fa\u010dinkem<\/h3>\n<p>V tomto bod\u011b se ukazuje z\u00e1kladn\u00ed probl\u00e9m mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smluv: pracuj\u00ed s pojmy, kter\u00e9 jsou pr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159esn\u00e9, ale politicky otev\u0159en\u00e9 v\u00fdkladu. To, co je pr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e9, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt automaticky vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako budov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry. Naopak, politicky srozumiteln\u00e9 kroky mohou b\u00fdt pr\u00e1vn\u011b problematick\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" se do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry op\u00edr\u00e1 o z\u00e1sadu vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 ohleduplnosti. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na tom, aby jej\u00ed smluvn\u00ed strany braly v \u00favahu nejen literu, ale i ducha smlouvy. Pokud je tato rovnov\u00e1ha naru\u0161ena, vznikaj\u00ed t\u0159enice - i kdy\u017e form\u00e1ln\u011b nejsou poru\u0161ena \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 pravidla.<\/p>\n<h3>Integrace do NATO a logika smluv<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00edm aspektem je integrace N\u011bmecka do NATO. Smlouva v\u00fdslovn\u011b schv\u00e1lila \u010dlenstv\u00ed v alianci, ale implicitn\u011b stanovila jeho r\u00e1mec. NATO se nem\u011blo st\u00e1t projek\u010dn\u00ed plochou pro novou vojenskou frontu ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku. I zde je patrn\u00e1 logika doby: integrace ano, provokace ne.<\/p>\n<p>S pokra\u010duj\u00edc\u00edm roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00edm NATO na v\u00fdchod a zm\u011bnou vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hrozeb se tato logika m\u011bn\u00ed. To, co bylo d\u0159\u00edve pova\u017eov\u00e1no za citlivou hrani\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3nu, je nyn\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce pova\u017eov\u00e1no za rovnocennou sou\u010d\u00e1st \u00fazem\u00ed Aliance. Tento posun lze vysv\u011btlit politicky, vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161ak ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b dlouhodob\u00e9 udr\u017eitelnosti p\u016fvodn\u00edch z\u00e1vazk\u016f.<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010distota, politick\u00e1 \u0161ed\u00e1 z\u00f3na<\/h3>\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed diferencovan\u00fdch term\u00edn\u016f - nasazen\u00ed, pobyt, rotace - je pr\u00e1vn\u011b legitimn\u00ed. Umo\u017e\u0148uje reagovat na nov\u00e9 situace v bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politice, ani\u017e by bylo nutn\u00e9 otev\u0159en\u011b poru\u0161ovat st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed smlouvy. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dojem, \u017ee smlouvy lze form\u00e1ln\u011b dodr\u017eovat, ale jejich obsah podkop\u00e1vat.<\/p>\n<p>Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 z\u016fstat st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00fd: Smlouva nezakazuje spolupr\u00e1ci, cvi\u010den\u00ed ani integraci do aliance. Stanovuje v\u0161ak hranice v p\u0159\u00edpadech, kdy by st\u00e1l\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost mohla b\u00fdt vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako destabilizuj\u00edc\u00ed. Zda je tato hranice skute\u010dn\u011b dodr\u017eov\u00e1na rotuj\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed, nen\u00ed ani tak pr\u00e1vn\u00ed, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e politick\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka.<\/p>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politika nefunguje pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm smluv, ale tak\u00e9 prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. I pr\u00e1vn\u011b bezvadn\u00e9 chov\u00e1n\u00ed m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako provokace, pokud k n\u011bmu doch\u00e1z\u00ed v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e ned\u016fv\u011bry. Naopak neform\u00e1ln\u00ed zdr\u017eenlivost m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek, i kdy\u017e nen\u00ed p\u0159edeps\u00e1na smlouvou.<\/p>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" vznikla ve f\u00e1zi budov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry. Jej\u00ed stani\u010dn\u00ed p\u0159edpisy jsou v\u00fdrazem tohoto c\u00edle. Pokud se dnes vykl\u00e1daj\u00ed \u010dist\u011b form\u00e1ln\u011b, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed smlouva \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 p\u016fvodn\u00ed funkce - i kdy\u017e z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 pr\u00e1vn\u011b platn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h3>Mezi adaptac\u00ed a posunem hranic<\/h3>\n<p>Bylo by p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 zjednodu\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed ozna\u010dit v\u0161echny sou\u010dasn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 aktivity ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku za poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy. Bylo by tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 kr\u00e1tkozrak\u00e9 odm\u00edtat jakoukoli kritiku jako neopodstatn\u011bnou. Smlouva se pohybuje v oblasti nap\u011bt\u00ed mezi historick\u00fdm sebeob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00edm a sou\u010dasnou bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed logikou.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto m\u00e1 smysl tyto ot\u00e1zky otev\u0159en\u011b pojmenovat. Ne proto, abychom ur\u010dovali vinu, ale abychom pochopili, kde kon\u010d\u00ed adaptace a za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 posun hranic. Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" k tomu neposkytuje automatick\u00fd mechanismus, ale sp\u00ed\u0161e m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko - a toto m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko je t\u0159eba neust\u00e1le znovu pou\u017e\u00edvat.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed kapitola se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi pl\u00e1ny Bundeswehru: jak\u00e9 c\u00edle spolkov\u00e1 vl\u00e1da sleduje, jak jsou od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00e9 - a v jak\u00fdch bodech se dot\u00fdkaj\u00ed historick\u00fdch dohod t\u00e9to smlouvy?<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-905 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 10px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-905 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o N\u011bmecku<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-905\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-list2 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"hohe energiepreise in deutschland verstehen: gas, strom und benzin einfach erkl\u00e4rt\" data-id=\"4103\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft tipps &amp; anleitungen\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland energiepolitik eu-gesetze europa krisen ratgeber\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/vysvetleni-vysokych-cen-energii-v-nemecku-plyn-elektrina-a-benzin-jednoduse\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Pochopen\u00ed vysok\u00fdch cen energi\u00ed v N\u011bmecku: Plyn, elekt\u0159ina a benzin jednodu\u0161e vysv\u011btleny<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Ceny energi\u00ed v N\u011bmecku\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/energiepreise-deutschland.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/energiepreise-deutschland.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/energiepreise-deutschland-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/energiepreise-deutschland-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/energiepreise-deutschland-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/vysvetleni-vysokych-cen-energii-v-nemecku-plyn-elektrina-a-benzin-jednoduse\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Pochopen\u00ed vysok\u00fdch cen energi\u00ed v N\u011bmecku: Plyn, elekt\u0159ina a benzin jednodu\u0161e vysv\u011btleny<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"mehr als punk: nina hagen, cosma shiva und die kunst, sich nicht vereinnahmen zu lassen\" data-id=\"4521\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"auswandern deutschland erfahrungen europa krisen meinungsfreiheit musik portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/more-than-punk-nina-hagen-cosma-shiva-a-umeni-nenechat-se-strhnout\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">V\u00edce ne\u017e punk: Nina Hagen, Cosma Shiva a um\u011bn\u00ed nenechat se strhnout<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Portr\u00e9t Niny a Cosmy Shiva Hagenov\u00fdch\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/01\/more-than-punk-nina-hagen-cosma-shiva-a-umeni-nenechat-se-strhnout\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">V\u00edce ne\u017e punk: Nina Hagen, Cosma Shiva a um\u011bn\u00ed nenechat se strhnout<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"der zwei-plus-vier-vertrag, die nato und die bundeswehr: was gilt heute noch?\" data-id=\"4740\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland europa geopolitik krisen sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/smlouva-dva-plus-ctyri-nato-a-bundeswehr-co-plati-dodnes\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\", NATO a Bundeswehr: Co plat\u00ed dnes?<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/smlouva-dva-plus-ctyri-nato-a-bundeswehr-co-plati-dodnes\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\", NATO a Bundeswehr: Co plat\u00ed dnes?<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"vom ende der wehrpflicht bis zu schulstreiks: die neue debatte \u00fcber bundeswehr und bildung\" data-id=\"5147\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit sicherheitspolitik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/od-ukonceni-povinne-vojenske-sluzby-ke-skolnim-stavkam-nova-debata-o-nemeckych-ozbrojenych-silach-a-vzdelavani\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Od ukon\u010den\u00ed povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby ke st\u00e1vk\u00e1m ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch: nov\u00e1 debata o Bundeswehru a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"St\u00e1vky \u0161kol proti povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b a Bundeswehru ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Wehrpflicht-Schulstreiks-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/03\/od-ukonceni-povinne-vojenske-sluzby-ke-skolnim-stavkam-nova-debata-o-nemeckych-ozbrojenych-silach-a-vzdelavani\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Od ukon\u010den\u00ed povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eby ke st\u00e1vk\u00e1m ve \u0161kol\u00e1ch: nov\u00e1 debata o Bundeswehru a vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Dne\u0161n\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed Bundeswehru: \u010d\u00edsla, c\u00edle a politick\u00e9 zd\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Sou\u010dasn\u00e1 debata o budoucnosti Bundeswehru znamen\u00e1 jasnou zm\u011bnu kurzu. Po desetilet\u00edch redukce, restrukturalizace a p\u0159esunu d\u016frazu na zahrani\u010dn\u00ed mise se do pop\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00e1jmu op\u011bt dost\u00e1v\u00e1 my\u0161lenka n\u00e1rodn\u00ed a alian\u010dn\u00ed obrany. Tento posun nen\u00ed izolovan\u00fdm n\u011bmeck\u00fdm jevem, ale sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed evropsk\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed situace.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da pova\u017euje tuto zm\u011bnu kurzu za nezbytnou. Domn\u011bnku, \u017ee vojensk\u00e9 odstra\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v Evrop\u011b trvale ztratilo sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam, pova\u017euje za zastaralou. V souladu s t\u00edm se o Bundeswehru ji\u017e neuva\u017euje prim\u00e1rn\u011b jako o opera\u010dn\u00ed arm\u00e1d\u011b, ale op\u011bt jako o v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edle v r\u00e1mci aliance NATO.<\/p>\n<p>V centru diskuse jsou konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed \u010d\u00edsla. \u010casto je ve\u0159ejn\u011b komunikov\u00e1n dlouhodob\u00fd c\u00edl a\u017e 460 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f. Toto \u010d\u00edslo v\u0161ak nen\u00ed tvo\u0159eno standardizovan\u00fdmi silami, ale dv\u011bma r\u016fzn\u00fdmi slo\u017ekami: aktivn\u00edmi silami a z\u00e1lohou.<\/p>\n<p>Podle sou\u010dasn\u00fdch pl\u00e1n\u016f m\u00e1 b\u00fdt aktivn\u00ed Bundeswehr ve st\u0159edn\u011bdob\u00e9m horizontu sn\u00ed\u017een na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,5 milionu voj\u00e1k\u016f. <strong>250 000 a\u017e 260 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f<\/strong> zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho se v\u00fdrazn\u011b roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il <strong>Rezerva<\/strong>, co\u017e je v perspektiv\u011b \u0159\u00e1dov\u011b v\u00edce ne\u017e <strong>180 000 a\u017e 200 000<\/strong> lid\u00e9 by m\u011bli b\u00fdt osloveni. Tato \u010d\u00edsla nejsou formulov\u00e1na jako kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fd c\u00edl, ale jako n\u011bkolikalet\u00fd v\u00fdvoj.<\/p>\n<p>Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00edm faktorem je, \u017ee \u010dasto citovan\u00e9 <strong>Celkov\u00fd po\u010det 460 000<\/strong> nepopisuje trvale aktivn\u00ed person\u00e1l, ale kombinovanou dostupnost v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nap\u011bt\u00ed nebo obrany. Tento bod nen\u00ed ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 diskusi v\u017edy jasn\u011b sd\u011blov\u00e1n, ale je \u00fast\u0159edn\u00edm bodem pr\u00e1vn\u00ed a politick\u00e9 kategorizace.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4795 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-Drehscheibe.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-Drehscheibe.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-Drehscheibe-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-Drehscheibe-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Deutschland-Drehscheibe-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Nov\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba jako struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1klad<\/h3>\n<p>Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem k dosa\u017een\u00ed t\u011bchto c\u00edl\u016f je tzv. nov\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 slu\u017eba. Ta m\u00e1 vstoupit v platnost od roku 2026 a je zalo\u017eena na povinn\u00e9 registraci mlad\u00fdch v\u011bkov\u00fdch skupin v kombinaci s modelem v podstat\u011b dobrovoln\u00e9 slu\u017eby. C\u00edlem je z\u00edskat v\u010das p\u0159ehled o dostupn\u00e9m person\u00e1lu a systematicky budovat z\u00e1lohu.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da tento krok zd\u016fvod\u0148uje t\u00edm, \u017ee \u010dist\u011b dobrovolnick\u00e1 arm\u00e1da nar\u00e1\u017e\u00ed na sv\u00e9 struktur\u00e1ln\u00ed limity. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee se nejedn\u00e1 o n\u00e1vrat k tradi\u010dn\u00ed povinn\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 slu\u017eb\u011b. C\u00edlem je sp\u00ed\u0161e vytvo\u0159it flexibiln\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd lze v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pot\u0159eby roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159it.<\/p>\n<p>Tato konstrukce ukazuje, jak moc se zm\u011bnilo my\u0161len\u00ed o bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politice: Odklon od trval\u00e9 masov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti sm\u011brem k dostupn\u00e9mu potenci\u00e1lu. Bundeswehr by nem\u011bl b\u00fdt trvale maximalizov\u00e1n, ale m\u011bl by b\u00fdt schopen rychl\u00e9ho r\u016fstu v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nouze.<\/p>\n<h3>Pl\u00e1novac\u00ed c\u00edle NATO jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd faktor<\/h3>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem pro nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu pracovn\u00edk\u016f jsou c\u00edle pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed NATO. N\u011bmecko se v r\u00e1mci aliance zav\u00e1zalo poskytnout ur\u010dit\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 schopnosti - nejen technick\u00e9, ale i person\u00e1ln\u00ed. Tyto z\u00e1vazky v posledn\u00edch letech v\u00fdrazn\u011b vzrostly.<\/p>\n<p>Zejm\u00e9na \u00faloha N\u011bmecka jako logistick\u00e9 a opera\u010dn\u00ed p\u00e1te\u0159e v Evrop\u011b znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je t\u0159eba pos\u00edlit s\u00edly. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee N\u011bmecko m\u016f\u017ee plnit sv\u00e9 alian\u010dn\u00ed povinnosti pouze tehdy, pokud bude m\u00edt dostatek person\u00e1lu - jak v aktivn\u00edch sil\u00e1ch, tak v z\u00e1loh\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>Tento argument je z hlediska aliance konzistentn\u00ed. P\u0159esouv\u00e1 v\u0161ak d\u016fraz z n\u00e1rodn\u00edch omezen\u00ed na kolektivn\u00ed po\u017eadavky. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed rozpory s historick\u00fdmi dohodami, jako je smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\".<\/p>\n<h3>Narativy bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky a politick\u00e1 komunikace<\/h3>\n<p>Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, jak siln\u011b je dne\u0161n\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed Bundeswehru doprov\u00e1zeno komunikac\u00ed. Diskurz charakterizuj\u00ed pojmy jako \u201ev\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e1 schopnost\u201c, \u201eschopnost odstra\u0161en\u00ed\u201c a \u201eschopnost vytrvalosti\u201c. Signalizuj\u00ed odhodl\u00e1n\u00ed, ale mohou tak\u00e9 posilovat obavy - zejm\u00e9na v zemi s v\u00fdraznou skeps\u00ed v\u016f\u010di vojensk\u00e9 s\u00edle.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da se sna\u017e\u00ed tuto rovnov\u00e1hu zvl\u00e1dnout. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee zbrojen\u00ed m\u00e1 b\u00fdt obrann\u00e9. Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b jasn\u011b zd\u016fraz\u0148uje pot\u0159ebu br\u00e1t vojensk\u00e9 schopnosti op\u011bt v\u00e1\u017en\u011b. Toto dvoj\u00ed poselstv\u00ed je politicky pochopiteln\u00e9, ale komunika\u010dn\u011b n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Aktivn\u00ed jednotky a z\u00e1lohy jako politick\u00e1 d\u011bl\u00edc\u00ed \u010d\u00e1ra<\/h3>\n<p>Rozd\u00edl mezi aktivn\u00edmi jednotkami a z\u00e1lohami hraje \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli nejen z vojensk\u00e9ho, ale i z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska. Dokud z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 po\u010det aktivn\u00edch sil v dob\u011b m\u00edru v\u00fdrazn\u011b pod d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi limity, lze tvrdit, \u017ee jsou dodr\u017eov\u00e1ny st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1vazky. Masivn\u00ed roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1loh je prezentov\u00e1no jako neproblematick\u00e9, nebo\u0165 nejsou trvale p\u0159\u00edtomny.<\/p>\n<p>Tento argument se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed zavedenou logikou. Vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161ak ot\u00e1zky, jakmile jsou z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed struktury organizov\u00e1ny tak, \u017ee jsou de facto neust\u00e1le k dispozici a pravideln\u011b povol\u00e1v\u00e1ny. Pak se hranice mezi z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edmi a aktivn\u00edmi jednotkami st\u00edr\u00e1 - p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm z hlediska vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Finan\u010dn\u00ed a organiza\u010dn\u00ed rozm\u011bry<\/h3>\n<p>Krom\u011b po\u010dtu zam\u011bstnanc\u016f hraj\u00ed roli tak\u00e9 finan\u010dn\u00ed aspekty. Roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed Bundeswehru je spojeno se zna\u010dn\u00fdmi n\u00e1klady, a to nejen na vybaven\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 na v\u00fdcvik, infrastrukturu a dlouhodob\u00e9 z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vl\u00e1da pova\u017euje tyto v\u00fddaje za nezbytnou investici do bezpe\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1rove\u0148 je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee organizace a spr\u00e1va mus\u00ed dr\u017eet krok s politick\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky. Samotn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed po\u010dtu zam\u011bstnanc\u016f neznamen\u00e1 vytvo\u0159en\u00ed opera\u010dn\u00edch schopnost\u00ed. Bez funguj\u00edc\u00edch struktur hroz\u00ed, \u017ee po\u010detn\u00ed stavy zap\u016fsob\u00ed politicky, ale vojensky z\u016fstanou neefektivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Mezi adaptac\u00ed a reinterpretac\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Souhrnn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno: dne\u0161n\u00ed pl\u00e1nov\u00e1n\u00ed Bundeswehru je v\u00fdsledkem zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u011bpolitick\u00e9 situace a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch z\u00e1vazk\u016f. Z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b se pohybuje v r\u00e1mci pr\u00e1vn\u00edho prostoru pro v\u00fdklad, kter\u00fd mu ponech\u00e1vaj\u00ed historick\u00e9 smlouvy. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak posouv\u00e1 praktick\u00fd v\u00fdznam t\u011bchto smluv.<\/p>\n<p>Zda je tento posun ch\u00e1p\u00e1n jako legitimn\u00ed p\u0159izp\u016fsoben\u00ed, nebo jako pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e1 reinterpretace, z\u00e1vis\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b na formulaci ne\u017e na politick\u00e9m kontextu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v\u00fdbu\u0161nost sou\u010dasn\u00e9 debaty.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed kapitola se proto zam\u011b\u0159\u00ed na pr\u00e1vn\u00ed a politick\u00e9 posouzen\u00ed tohoto v\u00fdvoje: Kde kon\u010d\u00ed v\u00fdklad a kde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 obch\u00e1zen\u00ed - a jak\u00e1 m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka lze pou\u017e\u00edt k objektivn\u00edmu ur\u010den\u00ed t\u00e9to hranice?<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-906 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 10px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-906 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o N\u011bmecku<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-906\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-list2 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"fracking, lng und energiepolitik: eine n\u00fcchterne analyse von risiken, chancen und realit\u00e4t\" data-id=\"5579\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft gesundheit\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland energiepolitik europa geopolitik krisen\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/04\/fracking-lng-a-energeticka-politika-strizliva-analyza-rizik-prilezitosti-a-reality\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Fracking, LNG a energetick\u00e1 politika: st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e1 anal\u00fdza rizik, p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed a reality<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\u0160t\u011bpen\u00ed zemn\u00edho plynu a energetick\u00e1 politika\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fracking-Energiepolitik.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fracking-Energiepolitik.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fracking-Energiepolitik-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fracking-Energiepolitik-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Fracking-Energiepolitik-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/04\/fracking-lng-a-energeticka-politika-strizliva-analyza-rizik-prilezitosti-a-reality\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Fracking, LNG a energetick\u00e1 politika: st\u0159\u00edzliv\u00e1 anal\u00fdza rizik, p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost\u00ed a reality<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"russland, nato und die angst vor dem krieg: was sich belegen l\u00e4sst &#8211; und was nicht\" data-id=\"4801\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland energiepolitik eu-gesetze europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit sicherheitspolitik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/rusko-nato-a-strach-z-valky-co-lze-a-nelze-dokazat\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Rusko, NATO a strach z v\u00e1lky: co lze dok\u00e1zat - a co ne<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"NATO, Rusko a strach z v\u00e1lky\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/NATO-Russland.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/NATO-Russland.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/NATO-Russland-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/NATO-Russland-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/NATO-Russland-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/rusko-nato-a-strach-z-valky-co-lze-a-nelze-dokazat\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Rusko, NATO a strach z v\u00e1lky: co lze dok\u00e1zat - a co ne<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"jan-josef liefers: ein portr\u00e4t \u00fcber haltung, herkunft und k\u00fcnstlerische freiheit\" data-id=\"3854\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland erfahrungen krisen lernen meinungsfreiheit musik pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/jan-josef-liefers-portret-postoje-puvodu-a-umelecke-svobody\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jan-Josef Liefers: Portr\u00e9t postoje, p\u016fvodu a um\u011bleck\u00e9 svobody<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Jan-Josef Liefers\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/jan-josef-liefers-portret-postoje-puvodu-a-umelecke-svobody\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jan-Josef Liefers: Portr\u00e9t postoje, p\u016fvodu a um\u011bleck\u00e9 svobody<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"warum dieter bohlen spricht, wenn andere schweigen: ein portr\u00e4t \u00fcber flei\u00df und klarheit\" data-id=\"3744\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"auswandern deutschland erfahrungen krisen meinungsfreiheit musik portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/proc-dieter-bohlen-mluvi-kdyz-ostatni-mlci-portret-pile-a-jasnosti\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Pro\u010d Dieter Bohlen mluv\u00ed, kdy\u017e ostatn\u00ed ml\u010d\u00ed: Portr\u00e9t pracovitosti a jasnosti<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/proc-dieter-bohlen-mluvi-kdyz-ostatni-mlci-portret-pile-a-jasnosti\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Pro\u010d Dieter Bohlen mluv\u00ed, kdy\u017e ostatn\u00ed ml\u010d\u00ed: Portr\u00e9t pracovitosti a jasnosti<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Kolize, nebo ot\u00e1zka v\u00fdkladu? Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed a politick\u00e9 perspektivy<\/h2>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvy nejsou rigidn\u00ed struktury. Je t\u0159eba je vykl\u00e1dat, proto\u017ee politick\u00e9, technick\u00e9 a bezpe\u010dnostn\u011bpolitick\u00e9 podm\u00ednky se m\u011bn\u00ed. To plat\u00ed i pro smlouvu \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\". Existuje v\u0161ak hranice mezi legitimn\u00edm v\u00fdkladem a faktick\u00fdm obch\u00e1zen\u00edm, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed jasn\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u011b vyzna\u010dena, ale je politicky vyjedn\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto je smlouva vhodn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem: ukazuje, jak odoln\u00e9 jsou dobrovoln\u00e9 z\u00e1vazky, kdy\u017e se m\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy - a jak rychle se z v\u00fdkladu m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t zvyk.<\/p>\n<h3>Diplomatick\u00e1 tour de force s otev\u0159en\u00fdmi boky<\/h3>\n<p>Zp\u011btn\u011b je smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" \u010dasto pova\u017eov\u00e1na za mistrovsk\u00e9 diplomatick\u00e9 d\u00edlo, kter\u00e9 otev\u0159elo cestu k jednot\u011b N\u011bmecka. P\u0159i bli\u017e\u0161\u00edm pohledu se v\u0161ak uk\u00e1\u017ee, \u017ee: Kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed jej\u00edm podpisem nebyly kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b do\u0159e\u0161eny. P\u0159i jedn\u00e1n\u00edch se st\u0159et\u00e1valy n\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy, historick\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Atmosf\u00e9ru charakterizovala opatrnost a vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 ned\u016fv\u011bra, ale tak\u00e9 spole\u010dn\u00e1 touha vytvo\u0159it stabiln\u00ed evropsk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. V diskusi se jasn\u011b ukazuje, \u017ee sjednocen\u00ed nebylo p\u0159edem dan\u00e9, ale v\u00fdsledkem intenzivn\u00edho dialogu, osobn\u00ed odpov\u011bdnosti a politick\u00e9 ochoty ke kompromisu - pod velk\u00fdm \u010dasov\u00fdm a historick\u00fdm tlakem.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_I5y4WWaLt6A\"><div id=\"lyte_I5y4WWaLt6A\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FI5y4WWaLt6A%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/I5y4WWaLt6A\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FI5y4WWaLt6A%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\ndiskuse: 30 let n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jednoty - Smlouva dva plus \u010dty\u0159i | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@phoenix\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Phoenix<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Tanja Samrotzki o t\u011bchto a dal\u0161\u00edch t\u00e9matech diskutuje v tomto videu s t\u011bmito hosty: Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re (CDU, b\u00fdval\u00fd spolkov\u00fd ministr vnitra a spolkov\u00fd kancl\u00e9\u0159), Irmgard Schwaetzer (FDP, st\u00e1tn\u00ed ministryn\u011b na Spolkov\u00e9m ministerstvu zahrani\u010d\u00ed v letech 1987-1991), prof. Irina Scherbakov\u00e1 (germanistka a kulturolo\u017eka), John Kornblum (b\u00fdval\u00fd velvyslanec USA v N\u011bmecku), Anne-Marie Descotesov\u00e1 (velvyslankyn\u011b Francie v N\u011bmecku), Anne McElvoyov\u00e1 (britsk\u00e1 novin\u00e1\u0159ka), Markus Meckel (ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed NDR v roce 1990).<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed n\u00e1zor: Zn\u011bn\u00ed, systematika, \u00fa\u010del<\/h3>\n<p>Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska se smlouvy tradi\u010dn\u011b vykl\u00e1daj\u00ed na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u0159\u00ed krit\u00e9ri\u00ed: Zn\u011bn\u00ed, systematiky a \u00fa\u010delu. V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b smlouvy Two Plus Four vede tato metodika k diferencovan\u00e9mu obrazu.<\/p>\n<p>Zn\u011bn\u00ed obsahuje jasn\u00e1 vyj\u00e1d\u0159en\u00ed k n\u011bkter\u00fdm bod\u016fm, jako je vojensk\u00fd strop nebo um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edch vojsk ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b ponech\u00e1v\u00e1 man\u00e9vrovac\u00ed prostor, nap\u0159\u00edklad v rozli\u0161en\u00ed mezi aktivn\u00edmi jednotkami a z\u00e1lohami nebo mezi trval\u00fdm nasazen\u00edm a do\u010dasn\u00fdm pobytem.<\/p>\n<p>Syst\u00e9m smlouvy ukazuje, \u017ee tato na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rovnov\u00e1hy. Vojensk\u00e1 zdr\u017eenlivost nen\u00ed izolovan\u00e1, ale p\u0159\u00edmo souvis\u00ed se suverenitou a svobodou spojenectv\u00ed. A kone\u010dn\u011b \u00fa\u010del - budov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry a stabilizace - je m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem, podle n\u011bho\u017e je t\u0159eba pom\u011b\u0159ovat jak\u00fdkoli v\u00fdklad.<\/p>\n<h3>Politick\u00e1 praxe: kdy\u017e se interpretace st\u00e1v\u00e1 rutinou<\/h3>\n<p>V politick\u00e9 praxi je \u00fa\u010del smlouvy \u010dasto upozad\u011bn p\u0159ed kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdmi po\u017eadavky. P\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed se rozhodnut\u00ed, kter\u00e1 lze form\u00e1ln\u011b zd\u016fvodnit, ani\u017e by se dostate\u010dn\u011b zv\u00e1\u017eil jejich dlouhodob\u00fd dopad. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Opakovan\u00fd odkaz na pr\u00e1vn\u00ed rozd\u00edly - nap\u0159\u00edklad mezi rotac\u00ed a nasazen\u00edm nebo mezi m\u00edrovou silou a r\u016fstovou schopnost\u00ed - m\u016f\u017ee vyvolat dojem, \u017ee smlouvy jsou pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1ny p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako omezovac\u00ed technologie: Je t\u0159eba se dr\u017eet minima, kter\u00e9 je pr\u00e1vn\u011b vy\u017eadov\u00e1no, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 zkou\u0161et, jak daleko lze tuto hranici posunout.<\/p>\n<p>Tato praxe nen\u00ed neobvykl\u00e1. Je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed politiky. Problematickou se st\u00e1v\u00e1 tam, kde podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bru, kterou m\u011bla smlouva p\u016fvodn\u011b vytvo\u0159it.<\/p>\n<h3>M\u00edt pravdu versus m\u00edt pravdu<\/h3>\n<p>Hlavn\u00edm nedorozum\u011bn\u00edm v mnoha debat\u00e1ch je ztoto\u017e\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1vn\u00ed korektnosti s politickou moudrost\u00ed. St\u00e1t m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pr\u00e1vn\u011b v pr\u00e1vu, a p\u0159esto m\u016f\u017ee ztratit politickou d\u016fv\u011bru. A naopak, politick\u00e1 \u00favaha nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00e1, ale m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek.<\/p>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" byla uzav\u0159ena ve f\u00e1zi, kdy bylo t\u0159eba aktivn\u011b budovat d\u016fv\u011bru. Jej\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed jsou proto nejen pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi hrani\u010dn\u00edmi znaky, ale tak\u00e9 politick\u00fdmi sign\u00e1ly. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo je \u010dte pouze form\u00e1ln\u011b, tuto druhou rovinu ignoruje.<\/p>\n<h3>\u0160ed\u00e1 z\u00f3na mezi rezervou a st\u00e1lou p\u0159\u00edtomnost\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Tento probl\u00e9m se projevuje zejm\u00e9na v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 \u00faloze rezerv. Dokud budou z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edci povol\u00e1v\u00e1ni jen ve v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech, z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 odd\u011blen\u00ed od aktivn\u00edch sil pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9. Pokud se v\u0161ak vytvo\u0159\u00ed struktury, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed st\u00e1lou opera\u010dn\u00ed pohotovost, vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed efekt se zm\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska lze tvrdit, \u017ee form\u00e1ln\u00ed krit\u00e9ria jsou i nad\u00e1le spln\u011bna. Z politick\u00e9ho hlediska v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee vzniknout dojem, \u017ee doch\u00e1z\u00ed k faktick\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed. Tento rozpor mezi pr\u00e1vem a vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm je klasick\u00fdm rizikem mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed architektury.<\/p>\n<h3>Historick\u00e9 vazby versus sou\u010dasn\u00e1 anal\u00fdza hrozeb<\/h3>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed sporn\u00fd bod spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 ve zm\u011bn\u011b anal\u00fdzy hrozeb. Smlouva vznikla ve f\u00e1zi optimismu ohledn\u011b d\u00e9tente. Dnes p\u0159evl\u00e1d\u00e1 nejistota, rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bnost a soupe\u0159en\u00ed o moc. Z tohoto pohledu se historick\u00e1 sebeomezen\u00ed jev\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00fdm jako nevhodn\u00e1 nebo naivn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Toto hodnocen\u00ed je pochopiteln\u00e9, ale nenahrad\u00ed anal\u00fdzu st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edch povinnost\u00ed. Smlouvy neztr\u00e1cej\u00ed automaticky platnost jen proto, \u017ee se situace zhor\u0161uje. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt bu\u010f znovu sjedn\u00e1ny, nebo v\u011bdom\u011b politicky pokra\u010dovat. Oboj\u00ed je n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9, ale poctiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e9 \u00fapravy.<\/p>\n<h3>Cena za pl\u00ed\u017eivou reinterpretaci<\/h3>\n<p>Pokud je smlouva neust\u00e1le reinterpretov\u00e1na, ani\u017e by se otev\u0159en\u011b \u0159e\u0161ila, vznikaj\u00ed dlouhodob\u00e9 n\u00e1klady. Ostatn\u00ed smluvn\u00ed strany se c\u00edt\u00ed ignorov\u00e1ny, d\u016fv\u011bra kles\u00e1 a smlouva ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svou \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed funkci. Nakonec z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dokument, kter\u00fd je sice form\u00e1ln\u011b platn\u00fd, ale nem\u00e1 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd praktick\u00fd \u0159\u00eddic\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek.<\/p>\n<p>Tento v\u00fdvoj m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd, zejm\u00e9na v oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Smlouvy slou\u017e\u00ed nejen k regulaci, ale tak\u00e9 k zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnosti. Pokud se tato p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost ztrat\u00ed, zvy\u0161uje se riziko chybn\u00fdch kalkulac\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Standardy pro odpov\u011bdn\u00fd v\u00fdklad<\/h3>\n<p>Odpov\u011bdn\u00fd v\u00fdklad mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch smluv se proto ne\u0159\u00edd\u00ed pouze minim\u00e1ln\u00edmi pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi po\u017eadavky. Klade si tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zku:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Spl\u0148uje akce st\u00e1le p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u00fa\u010del dohody?<\/li>\n<li>Je zohledn\u011bn vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed dopad?<\/li>\n<li>Je \u00faprava transparentn\u011b sd\u011blena?<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tyto ot\u00e1zky jsou nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9, proto\u017ee vy\u017eaduj\u00ed politickou odpov\u011bdnost. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto jsou nezbytn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<h3>Mezi pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u010distotou a politickou poctivost\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" n\u00e1s nenut\u00ed p\u0159ijmout ur\u010ditou linii bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Nut\u00ed n\u00e1s v\u0161ak zve\u0159ejnit na\u0161e d\u016fvody. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se od jej\u00edch v\u00fdchodisek odchyluje, by to nem\u011bl zast\u00edrat terminologi\u00ed, ale m\u011bl by to politicky vysv\u011btlit.<\/p>\n<p>Skute\u010dnou ot\u00e1zkou tedy nen\u00ed, zda jsou dne\u0161n\u00ed opat\u0159en\u00ed \u201ejen tak tak\u201c pr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1. Jde o to, zda jsou v souladu s duchem dohody, jej\u00edm\u017e c\u00edlem byla d\u016fv\u011bra, omezen\u00ed a dlouhodob\u00e1 stabilita.<\/p>\n<p>Dal\u0161\u00ed kapitola se zab\u00fdv\u00e1 ruskou perspektivou: jak je tam smlouva dnes vn\u00edm\u00e1na, politicky vyu\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na nebo r\u00e9toricky instrumentalizov\u00e1na - a co z toho lze vyvodit pro pochopen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho nap\u011bt\u00ed?<\/p>\n<h2>Rusk\u00e1 perspektiva: smlouva, protest a politick\u00e1 interpretace<\/h2>\n<p>V rusk\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed se smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" nikdy nestala pouh\u00fdm historick\u00fdm dokumentem. Sp\u00ed\u0161e je vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako referen\u010dn\u00ed bod, podle kter\u00e9ho se m\u011b\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdvoj bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky v Evrop\u011b. Nejde ani tak o pr\u00e1vn\u00ed detaily, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e o celkov\u00fd politick\u00fd dopad toho, co se stalo od roku 1990. Z rusk\u00e9ho pohledu znamen\u00e1 smlouva p\u0159\u00edslib zdr\u017eenlivosti - a o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e1 byla z pohledu Moskvy st\u00e1le v\u00edce zklam\u00e1v\u00e1na.<\/p>\n<p>Toto vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed homogenn\u00ed. Je \u017eiveno ofici\u00e1ln\u00edmi prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00edmi, parlamentn\u00ed r\u00e9torikou, vojensk\u00fdmi anal\u00fdzami a koment\u00e1\u0159i v m\u00e9di\u00edch. V\u0161em je v\u0161ak spole\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00ed t\u00f3n: smlouva je pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko, kdy\u017e je t\u0159eba kritizovat kroky Z\u00e1padu jako rozporupln\u00e9 nebo oportunistick\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4796 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Russische-Wahrnehmung.jpg\" alt=\"Rusk\u00fd pohled\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Russische-Wahrnehmung.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Russische-Wahrnehmung-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Russische-Wahrnehmung-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Russische-Wahrnehmung-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed protesty a diplomatick\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly<\/h3>\n<p>Tato perspektiva je patrn\u00e1 zejm\u00e9na tam, kde Rusko reaguje ofici\u00e1ln\u011b. V posledn\u00edch letech Moskva opakovan\u011b vznesla diplomatick\u00e9 protesty, kdy\u017e se v N\u011bmecku - zejm\u00e9na na v\u00fdchod\u011b zem\u011b - roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly nebo reorganizovaly vojensk\u00e9 struktury. Pravideln\u011b se p\u0159itom odvol\u00e1v\u00e1 na p\u0159edpisy o rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed smlouvy.<\/p>\n<p>Tyto protesty nejsou d\u016fkazem form\u00e1ln\u00edho poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy, ale politick\u00fdm sign\u00e1lem. Rusko tak d\u00e1v\u00e1 najevo, \u017ee v\u00fdvoj interpretuje nejen z vojensk\u00e9ho hlediska, ale tak\u00e9 z hlediska mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va - a \u017ee smlouvu nad\u00e1le pova\u017euje za relevantn\u00ed. Tyto sign\u00e1ly nejsou nam\u00ed\u0159eny pouze proti N\u011bmecku, ale proti z\u00e1padn\u00ed alianci jako celku.<\/p>\n<h3>R\u00e9torika, po\u017eadavky a \u00faloha parlamentu<\/h3>\n<p>Krom\u011b v\u00fdkonn\u00e9 moci hraje v diskurzu roli tak\u00e9 rusk\u00fd parlament, St\u00e1tn\u00ed duma. V posledn\u00edch letech jednotliv\u00ed poslanci a v\u00fdbory opakovan\u011b vyz\u00fdvali k politick\u00e9mu p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed smlouvy nebo dokonce k jej\u00edmu zru\u0161en\u00ed. Tyto po\u017eadavky byly ve\u0159ejn\u011b zdokumentov\u00e1ny, ale neprom\u00edtly se do form\u00e1ln\u00edch usnesen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9: existence politick\u00fdch po\u017eadavk\u016f neznamen\u00e1, \u017ee rusk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da zah\u00e1jila konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed proces zru\u0161en\u00ed. Tyto hlasy sp\u00ed\u0161e ukazuj\u00ed, \u017ee smlouva je vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako politick\u00fd n\u00e1stroj, o n\u011bm\u017e lze vyjedn\u00e1vat - p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm r\u00e9toricky. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k vyv\u00edjen\u00ed n\u00e1tlaku, n\u00e1roku na suverenitu v\u00fdkladu nebo delegitimizaci akc\u00ed Z\u00e1padu.<\/p>\n<h3>Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed argumenty a politick\u00fd dopad<\/h3>\n<p>Z rusk\u00e9ho pohledu se \u010dasto tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Z\u00e1pad smlouvu form\u00e1ln\u011b dodr\u017euje, ale podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 jej\u00ed obsah. Jako d\u016fkaz se uv\u00e1d\u00ed zejm\u00e9na princip rotace a diferenciace vojensk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti. Tento argument se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed vlastn\u00ed logikou: rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed nen\u00ed, jak je n\u011bco pr\u00e1vn\u011b ozna\u010deno, ale jak\u00fd to m\u00e1 vojensk\u00fd efekt.<\/p>\n<p>Smlouva je ch\u00e1p\u00e1na m\u00e9n\u011b jako p\u0159esn\u00fd pr\u00e1vn\u00ed r\u00e1mec a v\u00edce jako politick\u00fd z\u00e1vazek. Pokud je tento z\u00e1vazek - podle rusk\u00e9ho narativu - relativizov\u00e1n technick\u00fdmi definicemi, ztr\u00e1c\u00ed sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam. Nen\u00ed nutn\u00e9 sd\u00edlet tento n\u00e1zor, abychom uznali jej\u00ed politickou \u00fa\u010dinnost.<\/p>\n<h3>Osobn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup ke Gorba\u010dovov\u011b \u00e9\u0159e<\/h3>\n<p>Gabriele Krone-Schmalz ve sv\u00e9 p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161ce sleduje politick\u00e9 a lidsk\u00e9 linie spojen\u00e9 s Michailem Gorba\u010dovem. Odzbrojen\u00ed, perestrojku a glasnos\u0165 popisuje nejen jako m\u00f3dn\u00ed slova, ale jako zku\u0161enosti, kter\u00e9 zm\u011bnily cel\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. Kombinuje p\u0159itom historickou kategorizaci s vlastn\u00edmi setk\u00e1n\u00edmi a rozhovory. Zam\u011b\u0159uje se m\u00e9n\u011b na pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed konflikty ne\u017e na ot\u00e1zku, kolik odvahy, nejistoty a nad\u011bje existovalo v t\u011bchto letech vedle sebe - a pro\u010d m\u00e1 toto obdob\u00ed dopad i dnes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_xtQC0Y55IZE\"><div id=\"lyte_xtQC0Y55IZE\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FxtQC0Y55IZE%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/xtQC0Y55IZE\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FxtQC0Y55IZE%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"Miniatura videa na YouTube\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Pod\u00edvejte se na toto video na YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nMichail Gorba\u010dov K 90. narozenin\u00e1m fenom\u00e9nu - <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@GabrieleKroneSchmalz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Gabriele Krone-Schmalz<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Smlouva jako sou\u010d\u00e1st \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu<\/h3>\n<p>V rusk\u00e9m ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m prostoru je smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" tak\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u0161ir\u0161\u00edho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o obdob\u00ed po skon\u010den\u00ed studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed zd\u016fraz\u0148uje, \u017ee Rusko u\u010dinilo \u00fastupky - nap\u0159\u00edklad sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk -, ani\u017e by na opl\u00e1tku obdr\u017eelo trvalou bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed architekturu, kter\u00e1 by dostate\u010dn\u011b zohled\u0148ovala rusk\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy.<\/p>\n<p>Zda je toto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed historicky \u00fapln\u00e9 nebo selektivn\u00ed, je jin\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. Rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed je, \u017ee se j\u00edm \u0159\u00edd\u00ed politick\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. V tomto kontextu je smlouva pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1na jako symbol zme\u0161kan\u00e9ho nebo poru\u0161en\u00e9ho z\u00e1kladu d\u016fv\u011bry.<\/p>\n<h3>\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 form\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159est\u00e1vka, ale strategick\u00e1 otev\u0159enost<\/h3>\n<p>Je zar\u00e1\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee Rusko navzdory ostr\u00e9 r\u00e9torice dosud nepodniklo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 form\u00e1ln\u00ed kroky k vypov\u011bzen\u00ed smlouvy. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee smlouva je st\u00e1le pova\u017eov\u00e1na za u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd referen\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Form\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159eru\u0161en\u00ed by tuto referenci - a t\u00edm i politick\u00fd argumenta\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1stroj - odstranilo.<\/p>\n<p>M\u00edsto toho z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 smlouva v jak\u00e9msi strategick\u00e9m limbu: je kritizov\u00e1na, interpretov\u00e1na a instrumentalizov\u00e1na, ale nen\u00ed opu\u0161t\u011bna. Tento postoj umo\u017e\u0148uje pru\u017en\u011b reagovat na v\u00fdvoj, ani\u017e by se k n\u011bmu zavazovala.<\/p>\n<h3>Vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a dynamika eskalace<\/h3>\n<p>Rusk\u00fd pohled ilustruje, do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry je mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politika charakterizov\u00e1na vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00edm. I opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se z pohledu Z\u00e1padu jev\u00ed jako obrann\u00e1 a vst\u0159\u00edcn\u00e1, mohou b\u00fdt druhou stranou ch\u00e1p\u00e1na jako provokace. Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" funguje jako referen\u010dn\u00ed r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd toto vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed strukturuje.<\/p>\n<p>Tato dynamika v sob\u011b skr\u00fdv\u00e1 rizika. Pokud se smlouvy pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm jako r\u00e9torick\u00e1 zbra\u0148, ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svou stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed funkci. Rusk\u00fd postoj z\u00e1rove\u0148 ukazuje, \u017ee star\u00e9 dohody jen tak nezmiz\u00ed - z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed politick\u00e9 pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n<h3>Teorie her jako kl\u00ed\u010d k pochopen\u00ed geopolitick\u00fdch zm\u011bn<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/teorie-her-vysvetluje-25-let-geopolitiky-jak-evropa-ztratila-svou-strategickou-roli\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright wp-image-3937 size-medium\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-300x224.jpg\" alt=\"Teorie her vysv\u011btluje 25 let geopolitiky\" width=\"300\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-768x574.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-16x12.jpg 16w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>Ji\u017e \u010dtvrt stolet\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 pozorovat, jak se mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed st\u00e1le v\u00edce vyv\u00edjej\u00ed podle strategick\u00fdch o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Kdo kdy jedn\u00e1, kdo na co reaguje - a jak\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly jsou p\u0159itom vys\u00edl\u00e1ny?<\/p>\n<p>Na str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/teorie-her-vysvetluje-25-let-geopolitiky-jak-evropa-ztratila-svou-strategickou-roli\/\"><strong>Ohl\u00e9dnut\u00ed za po\u010d\u00e1tkem roku 2000<\/strong><\/a> ukazuje, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 z dne\u0161n\u00edch nap\u011bt\u00ed nevzniklo n\u00e1hle, ale rostlo postupn\u011b. Teoretick\u00e1 perspektiva her pom\u00e1h\u00e1 tuto dynamiku st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011b uspo\u0159\u00e1dat. Nept\u00e1 se ani tak po vin\u011b, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e po logice - a otev\u00edr\u00e1 tak perspektivu, kter\u00e1 je pozoruhodn\u011b pou\u010dn\u00e1 i pro pochopen\u00ed evropsk\u00e9ho bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du po roce 1990.<\/p>\n<h3>Mezi instrumentalizac\u00ed a pam\u011bt\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p>Bylo by kr\u00e1tkozrak\u00e9 odm\u00edtnout rusk\u00fd odkaz na smlouvu pouze jako instrumentalizaci. Bylo by tak\u00e9 naivn\u00ed pova\u017eovat jej za \u010dist\u011b pr\u00e1vn\u011b motivovan\u00fd. Pohybuje se mezi dv\u011bma p\u00f3ly: p\u0159ipom\u00ednkou z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch z\u00e1vazk\u016f a politick\u00fdm vyu\u017eit\u00edm ve zm\u011bn\u011bn\u00e9 situaci.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1v\u011b d\u00edky t\u00e9to rozpolcenosti je smlouva st\u00e1le aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. Je nejen p\u0159edm\u011btem historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu, ale tak\u00e9 sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00fdch mocensk\u00fdch a interpreta\u010dn\u00edch konflikt\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e1 kapitola se proto zab\u00fdv\u00e1 \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm pohledem: Pro\u010d star\u00e9 smlouvy znovu nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed na v\u00fdznamu v rozt\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b - a co n\u00e1s smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" u\u010d\u00ed o tom, jak se vypo\u0159\u00e1dat s vlastn\u00edmi z\u00e1vazky, d\u016fv\u011brou a politickou odpov\u011bdnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>Pro\u010d jsou dnes star\u00e9 smlouvy op\u011bt aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvy jsou v\u00edce ne\u017e jen pr\u00e1vn\u00ed texty. Jsou pam\u011bt\u00ed politick\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed, zhu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed z kriz\u00ed, v\u00e1lek a jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b proto s m\u011bn\u00edc\u00ed se dobou automaticky neztr\u00e1cej\u00ed sv\u016fj v\u00fdznam. Naopak: ve f\u00e1z\u00edch rostouc\u00ed nejistoty se \u010dasto znovu dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed do pop\u0159ed\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Jedn\u00edm z takov\u00fdch dokument\u016f je Smlouva o dvou plus \u010dty\u0159ech. Vznikla ve v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9 historick\u00e9 situaci, ale jej\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00ed p\u0159edpoklady - sebeomezen\u00ed, p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost, vz\u00e1jemn\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bra - jsou nad\u010dasov\u00e9. To, \u017ee se o n\u00ed dnes znovu diskutuje, nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mkou zp\u00e1te\u010dnick\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu, ale p\u0159\u00edznakem eroze zn\u00e1m\u00fdch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch mechanism\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4797 size-large\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Fundament.jpg\" alt=\"Smlouvy jako z\u00e1klad\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Fundament.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Fundament-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Fundament-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Zwei-Plus-Vier-Vertrag-Fundament-18x12.jpg 18w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3>Konec toho, \u017ee v\u011bci bereme jako samoz\u0159ejmost<\/h3>\n<p>Po mnoho let byl evropsk\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d pova\u017eov\u00e1n za stabiln\u00ed. Omezen\u00ed zbrojen\u00ed, opat\u0159en\u00ed na budov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bry a mnohostrann\u00e9 dohody tvo\u0159ily r\u00e1mec, kter\u00fd nebyl t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1n. Tato samoz\u0159ejmost se vytratila. Dohody byly zru\u0161eny, pozastaveny nebo de facto zneplatn\u011bny.<\/p>\n<p>V t\u00e9to situaci se star\u00e9 smlouvy st\u00e1vaj\u00ed op\u011bt viditeln\u00fdmi. P\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed n\u00e1m, \u017ee bezpe\u010dnost se nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed pouze vojenskou silou, ale tak\u00e9 vz\u00e1jemnou jistotou o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Tam, kde chyb\u00ed, se zvy\u0161uje riziko chybn\u00e9 kalkulace - a to i v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b obrann\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>Vlastn\u00ed anga\u017eovanost jako politick\u00e1 s\u00edla<\/h3>\n<p>\u00dast\u0159edn\u00edm motivem smlouvy \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" byla my\u0161lenka, \u017ee vlastn\u00ed z\u00e1vazek nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mkou slabosti, ale politick\u00e9 vysp\u011blosti. N\u011bmecko se dobrovoln\u011b zav\u00e1zalo k omezen\u00edm, aby si vytvo\u0159ilo d\u016fv\u011bru. Tento postoj st\u00e1l v protikladu k \u010dist\u011b mocensko-politick\u00e9 logice.<\/p>\n<p>V dne\u0161n\u00ed dob\u011b je sebeob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dasto vn\u00edm\u00e1no jako p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eka. Smlouvy jsou vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako omezen\u00ed svobody jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto omezen\u00ed v\u0161ak m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek. Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost - jak pro partnery, tak pro potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed protistrany.<\/p>\n<h3>Nebezpe\u010d\u00ed pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e9 devalvace<\/h3>\n<p>Pokud nejsou smlouvy otev\u0159en\u011b zpochyb\u0148ov\u00e1ny, ale ml\u010dky obch\u00e1zeny, ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed svou regula\u010dn\u00ed funkci. Podm\u00ednky se protahuj\u00ed, v\u00fdjimky se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed pravidlem a nakonec z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 dokument, kter\u00fd je sice form\u00e1ln\u011b platn\u00fd, ale nem\u00e1 ji\u017e \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd praktick\u00fd \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek.<\/p>\n<p>Tato pl\u00ed\u017eiv\u00e1 devalvace je nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e otev\u0159en\u00e9 propou\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed. Podkop\u00e1v\u00e1 d\u016fv\u011bru, ani\u017e by vytvo\u0159ila nov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" je p\u0159\u00edkladem toho, jak rychle se m\u016f\u017ee politick\u00e1 praxe vzd\u00e1lit od historicky zaveden\u00fdch dobrovoln\u00fdch z\u00e1vazk\u016f - \u010dasto bez v\u011bdom\u00e9ho rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h3>P\u0159ipomenut\u00ed alternativn\u00edch bezpe\u010dnostn\u00edch logik<\/h3>\n<p>Smlouva n\u00e1m tak\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee existuj\u00ed i jin\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Ve f\u00e1zi jej\u00edho vzniku byl d\u016fraz z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b kladen na deeskalaci. Omezen\u00ed bylo pova\u017eov\u00e1no za stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed, nikoliv rizikov\u00e9. Tento zp\u016fsob uva\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed je dnes neobvykl\u00fd, ale ne zastaral\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Star\u00e9 smlouvy jsou tedy nejen pr\u00e1vn\u00edm referen\u010dn\u00edm bodem, ale tak\u00e9 intelektu\u00e1ln\u00edm zdrojem. Otev\u00edraj\u00ed perspektivy p\u0159esahuj\u00edc\u00ed logiku kr\u00e1tkodob\u00fdch hrozeb a vyb\u00edzej\u00ed n\u00e1s, abychom o bezpe\u010dnosti znovu p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161leli komplexn\u011bji.<\/p>\n<h3>Odpov\u011bdnost v\u016f\u010di historii<\/h3>\n<p>Ti, kdo z historick\u00fdch dohod profitovali, nesou tak\u00e9 odpov\u011bdnost za to, jak se s nimi nakl\u00e1d\u00e1. Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" poskytla N\u011bmecku plnou suverenitu v citliv\u00e9m mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Tato skute\u010dnost neod\u016fvod\u0148uje v\u011b\u010dnou nem\u011bnnost, ale zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed povinnost p\u00e9\u010de.<\/p>\n<p>Odpov\u011bdnost v tomto kontextu znamen\u00e1, \u017ee \u00fapravy jsou transparentn\u00ed, z\u00e1jmy se vyjad\u0159uj\u00ed otev\u0159en\u011b a v\u00fdklady se nepova\u017euj\u00ed za pouhou technologii. Jen tak si lze udr\u017eet politickou d\u016fv\u011bryhodnost.<\/p>\n<h3>Smlouvy jako m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko, ne jako pouta<\/h3>\n<p>Star\u00e9 smlouvy nen\u00ed t\u0159eba dogmaticky obhajovat. Nejsou c\u00edlem samy o sob\u011b. Mohou v\u0161ak slou\u017eit jako m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko: pro politickou poctivost, pro zach\u00e1zen\u00ed s moc\u00ed a pro ot\u00e1zku, jak velkou d\u016fv\u011bru m\u016f\u017ee \u0159\u00e1d udr\u017eet.<\/p>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" n\u00e1s nenut\u00ed p\u0159ijmout \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed v oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Nut\u00ed n\u00e1s v\u0161ak k tomu, abychom se p\u0159ihl\u00e1sili. Tato deklaratorn\u00ed povinnost je v sou\u010dasnosti asi jej\u00ed nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed funkc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V dob\u011b hlasit\u00fdch debat, rychl\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed a moralizov\u00e1n\u00ed se pohled na smlouvu z roku 1990 zd\u00e1 b\u00fdt t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 anachronick\u00fd. Ve skute\u010dnosti je v\u0161ak velmi aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed. Je p\u0159ipom\u00ednkou toho, \u017ee udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost nevych\u00e1z\u00ed z maximalizace, ale z rovnov\u00e1hy.<\/p>\n<p>Star\u00e9 smlouvy nejsou p\u0159e\u017eitek. Jsou to prub\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9 kameny. Smlouva Two Plus Four je jednou z nich - a pr\u00e1v\u011b proto stoj\u00ed za to ji nejen citovat, ale tak\u00e9 j\u00ed porozum\u011bt.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed pr\u016fzkum mo\u017en\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edpadu nap\u011bt\u00ed v N\u011bmecku<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"6\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"3cf35720dc37ac07555263ef1e443d6d\" data-pid=\"3744\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\".basic-yop-poll-container[data-uid] .basic-vote {\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"e8957cc1d6\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"6\" data-uid=\"eda0f59089d9947ceedd6aace68fc1f2\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"7\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">Jak dob\u0159e se vy osobn\u011b c\u00edt\u00edte p\u0159ipraveni na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 nap\u011bt\u00ed (nap\u0159. krizi nebo v\u00e1lku)?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"24\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"22\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[24]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[24]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"24\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Velmi dob\u0159e - m\u00e1m z\u00e1soby, znalosti a pl\u00e1n<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"25\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"40\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[25]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[25]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"25\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Docela dobr\u00e9 - trochu jsem o tom p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lel<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"26\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"63\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[26]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[26]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"26\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">T\u011b\u017eko - jen douf\u00e1m, \u017ee se nic nestane<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"27\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"15\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[27]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[27]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"27\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">V\u016fbec ne - z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b toto t\u00e9ma potla\u010duji.<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"28\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"19\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[28]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[28]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"28\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Co je to vlastn\u011b \"pokles nap\u011bt\u00ed\"?<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Hlasujte na<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"cs\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Otev\u0159en\u00e1 smlouva v otev\u0159en\u00e9 budoucnosti<\/h2>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" je jedn\u00edm z t\u011bch politick\u00fdch dokument\u016f, kter\u00e9 se cituj\u00ed jen z\u0159\u00eddka, dokud funguj\u00ed. Do pop\u0159ed\u00ed z\u00e1jmu se vrac\u00ed, a\u017e kdy\u017e se objev\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toho jsme v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b sv\u011bdky. Ne proto, \u017ee by byla n\u00e1hle zpochybn\u011bna, ale proto, \u017ee se r\u00e1mec bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky v Evrop\u011b znateln\u011b zm\u011bnil.<\/p>\n<p>O t\u00e9to smlouv\u011b se dnes v Rusku znovu jedn\u00e1. Ne v\u017edy st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011b, ne v\u017edy pr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b, ale viditeln\u011b a s politickou vahou. U\u017e jen tato skute\u010dnost ji \u010din\u00ed relevantn\u00ed. Ukazuje toti\u017e, \u017ee star\u00e9 dohody nezmiz\u00ed jen proto, \u017ee se na Z\u00e1pad\u011b vytratily z ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho pov\u011bdom\u00ed. Z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed politick\u00e9 pam\u011bti - a tedy i sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed aktu\u00e1ln\u00edch interpreta\u010dn\u00edch a konfliktn\u00edch lini\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek proto nen\u00ed v\u00fdzvou k zastaven\u00ed \u010dinnosti. Nen\u00ed ani pokusem o delegitimizaci sou\u010dasn\u00fdch rozhodnut\u00ed v oblasti bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky. Chce p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm ud\u011blat jednu v\u011bc: kategorizovat. Jeho c\u00edlem je vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" vznikla, co upravovala a pro\u010d jej\u00ed logika nen\u00ed libovoln\u011b zam\u011bniteln\u00e1. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo dnes hovo\u0159\u00ed o jej\u00edm v\u00fdznamu, by m\u011bl v\u011bd\u011bt, na co se odvol\u00e1v\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Jedno je jasn\u00e9: nikdo nev\u00ed, jak se bude evropsk\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d vyv\u00edjet. Vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed hrozeb se m\u011bn\u00ed, aliance se p\u0159izp\u016fsobuj\u00ed, politick\u00e1 realita se m\u011bn\u00ed. Smlouvy nemohou a nesm\u00ed b\u00fdt zmrazeny. Mus\u00ed b\u00fdt p\u0159evedeny do nov\u00fdch souvislost\u00ed. Tento p\u0159evod by v\u0161ak m\u011bl prob\u00edhat v\u011bdom\u011b - ne z\u00e1ludn\u011b, ne ml\u010dky a ne pouze prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm pr\u00e1vn\u00edho dola\u010fov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" byla v\u00fdrazem my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nedefinovalo bezpe\u010dnost jednostrann\u011b. Byla zalo\u017eena na snaze sladit r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy nam\u00edsto jejich vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9ho pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom spo\u010d\u00edval jej\u00ed stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek. N\u011bmecko z\u00edskalo suverenitu, jeho soused\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnost a Evropa z\u00edskala bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd na rovnov\u00e1ze.<\/p>\n<p>Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee tento \u0159\u00e1d je dnes pod tlakem. O to d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je p\u0159ipomenout si jeho z\u00e1klady. Ne z nostalgie, ale z odpov\u011bdnosti. Bezpe\u010dnost nevytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed jen s\u00edla, ale srozumitelnost - v\u011bdom\u00ed toho, kudy vedou hranice a pro\u010d byly vyty\u010deny.<\/p>\n<p>Mo\u017en\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b zde je smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" skute\u010dn\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1: P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 n\u00e1m, \u017ee udr\u017eiteln\u00e1 bezpe\u010dnost v Evrop\u011b byla v\u017edy mo\u017en\u00e1, kdy\u017e byly z\u00e1jmy br\u00e1ny v\u00e1\u017en\u011b, rozd\u00edly uzn\u00e1v\u00e1ny a \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed byla spole\u010dn\u00e1. Nelze p\u0159edv\u00eddat, zda tento p\u0159\u00edstup bude fungovat i v budoucnu. Z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161ak m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem, podle n\u011bho\u017e lze pom\u011b\u0159ovat politick\u00e1 rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Tento text si ne\u010din\u00ed n\u00e1rok na definitivn\u00ed odpov\u011bdi. Je zam\u00fd\u0161len jako p\u0159ehled, v\u00fdzva ke kategorizaci a podn\u011bt k p\u0159ehodnocen\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za samoz\u0159ejm\u00e9. Ne\u017e se toti\u017e rozhodnete, co d\u011blat d\u00e1l, m\u00e1 smysl pochopit, jak jste se sem dostali.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Zdroje a dal\u0161\u00ed informace<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zwei-plus-Vier-Vertrag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smlouva dva plus \u010dty\u0159i (DE-Wikipedia)<\/a>:<\/b> P\u0159ehled hlavn\u00edch ustanoven\u00ed smlouvy z roku 1990 - v\u010detn\u011b suverenity, omezen\u00ed po\u010dtu voj\u00e1k\u016f, z\u0159eknut\u00ed se zbran\u00ed NBC, sta\u017een\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk a ot\u00e1zek rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smlouva o kone\u010dn\u00e9m uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed ve vztahu k N\u011bmecku (CZ-Wikipedia)<\/a>:<\/b> Anglick\u00e1 prezentace smlouvy (\u201eTreaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany\u201c) s kontextem jej\u00edho vzniku, podpisu, vstupu v platnost a hlavn\u00edho obsahu.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundestag.de\/dokumente\/textarchiv\/1990-09-12-zwei-plus-vier-vertrag-202422\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spolkov\u00fd sn\u011bm - Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" ze dne 12. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1990<\/a>:<\/b> Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed prezentace v archivu n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho Spolkov\u00e9ho sn\u011bmu s pr\u00e1vn\u00edmi informacemi o rozm\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed, po\u010dtech voj\u00e1k\u016f a odkazem na NATO.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bmvg.de\/de\/aktuelles\/zwei-plus-vier-vertrag-schluesseldokument-zur-deutschen-einheit-5872980\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spolkov\u00e9 ministerstvo obrany - Z\u00e1kladn\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nek o smlouv\u011b<\/a>:<\/b> P\u0159ehledov\u00fd text Spolkov\u00e9ho ministerstva obrany o smlouv\u011b jako kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9m dokumentu pro jednotu N\u011bmecka.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpb.de\/themen\/deutsche-einheit\/zwei-plus-vier-vertrag\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spolkov\u00e1 agentura pro ob\u010dansk\u00e9 vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed - Pozad\u00ed smlouvy<\/a>:<\/b> Anal\u00fdza a shrnut\u00ed hlavn\u00edho obsahu smlouvy, v\u010detn\u011b suverenity, hranic, s\u00edly vojsk a z\u0159eknut\u00ed se zbran\u00ed hromadn\u00e9ho ni\u010den\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b v\u00fd\u0148atk\u016f z preambule a \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hdg.de\/lemo\/kapitel\/deutsche-einheit\/weg-zur-einheit\/zwei-plus-vier-vertrag.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LeMO - N\u011bmeck\u00e9 historick\u00e9 muzeum \/ Smlouva dva plus \u010dty\u0159i<\/a>:<\/b> Historick\u00e1 kategorizace jedn\u00e1n\u00ed a obsahu smluv s uveden\u00edm podm\u00ednek a v\u00fdsledk\u016f, jako jsou po\u017eadavky na um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed a limity.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aufenthalts-_und_Abzugsvertrag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dohoda o pobytu a odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy<\/a>:<\/b> Dopl\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed zdroj o praktick\u00e9m prov\u00e1d\u011bn\u00ed sta\u017een\u00ed sov\u011btsk\u00fdch vojsk, kter\u00e9 je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 v souvislosti se smlouvou.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geschichte_der_Bundeswehr\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Historie Bundeswehru (DE-Wikipedia)<\/a>:<\/b> P\u0159ehled sn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed po\u010dtu voj\u00e1k\u016f Bundeswehru na 370 000 v r\u00e1mci smlouvy \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" a jeho dopad na strukturu Bundeswehru.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bpb.de\/kurz-knapp\/taegliche-dosis-politik\/570820\/unterzeichnung-des-zwei-plus-vier-vertrages\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BPB - Podpis smlouvy (Kurz-Knapp)<\/a>:<\/b> Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd denn\u00ed p\u0159ehled podpisu se zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm na sta\u017een\u00ed vojsk, uzn\u00e1n\u00ed hranic a volbu aliance bez NATO.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/deutschland.de\/de\/topic\/politik\/deutschland-europa\/zwei-plus-vier-vertrag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smlouva Two-plus-four na deutschland.de<\/a>:<\/b> Kompaktn\u00ed prezentace \u00fa\u010delu smlouvy a jej\u00edho historick\u00e9ho v\u00fdznamu na ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed str\u00e1nce.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.auswaertiges-amt.de\/en\/aussenpolitik\/themen\/uebersicht-248550\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Spolkov\u00e9 ministerstvo zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed - Text smlouvy a seznam status\u016f<\/a>:<\/b> P\u0159\u00edstup k origin\u00e1ln\u00edm text\u016fm smluv v r\u016fzn\u00fdch form\u00e1tech (PDF) prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm Spolkov\u00e9ho ministerstva zahrani\u010dn\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bundesregierung.de\/breg-de\/schwerpunkte\/deutsche-einheit\/unterzeichnung-des-2-4-vertrags-432842\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Feder\u00e1ln\u00ed vl\u00e1da - Kronika: Podpis smlouvy Two Plus Four<\/a>:<\/b> Ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed kronika o politick\u00e9m zakotven\u00ed a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00fdch bodech jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s p\u0159edstaviteli NATO a Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu.<\/li>\n<li><b><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mtrlegal.com\/wiki\/zwei-plus-vier-vertrag\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smlouva dva plus \u010dty\u0159i - Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed wiki<\/a>:<\/b> Pr\u00e1vn\u00ed vysv\u011btlen\u00ed potvrzuj\u00edc\u00ed, \u017ee smlouva je nad\u00e1le pr\u00e1vn\u011b z\u00e1vazn\u00e1 a upravuje zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed postaven\u00ed N\u011bmecka.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-907 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-907 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o um\u011bn\u00ed a kultu\u0159e<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-907\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"was ist der sinn des lebens? religionen, philosophen und helmut thielicke im vergleich\" data-id=\"6071\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft ki-systeme kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle erfahrungen gesundheit krisen k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz meinungsfreiheit pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, filozof\u016f a Helmuta Thielickeho<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Ot\u00e1zka smyslu \u017eivota\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Sinn-des-Lebens-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/05\/jaky-je-smysl-zivota-nabozenstvi-filozofove-a-helmut-thielicke-ve-srovnani\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jak\u00fd je smysl \u017eivota? Srovn\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed, filozof\u016f a Helmuta Thielickeho<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"cancel culture im westen: sport, universit\u00e4ten, milit\u00e4r und eu-sanktionen analysiert\" data-id=\"5009\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle deutschland europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b: anal\u00fdza sportu, univerzit, arm\u00e1dy a sankc\u00ed EU<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Cancel-Culture-Westen-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/zrusit-kulturu-na-zapade-sportovni-univerzity-vojenske-a-eu-sankce-analyzovany\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Zru\u0161it kulturu na Z\u00e1pad\u011b: anal\u00fdza sportu, univerzit, arm\u00e1dy a sankc\u00ed EU<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"vicco von b\u00fclow alias loriot &#8211; ordnung, form und der leise widerstand des humors\" data-id=\"4169\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland erfahrungen pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/vicco-von-buelow-alias-loriot-objednavkovy-formular-a-tichy-odpor-humoru\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Vicco von B\u00fclow alias Loriot - \u0159\u00e1d, forma a tich\u00fd odpor humoru<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"747\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Loriot-Titel.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Loriot-Titel.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Loriot-Titel-300x219.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Loriot-Titel-768x560.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Loriot-Titel-16x12.jpg 16w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/vicco-von-buelow-alias-loriot-objednavkovy-formular-a-tichy-odpor-humoru\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Vicco von B\u00fclow alias Loriot - \u0159\u00e1d, forma a tich\u00fd odpor humoru<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"dieter bohlen im klartext: warum deutschland an der eigenen b\u00fcrokratie scheitert\" data-id=\"3546\"  data-category=\"allgemein b\u00fccher gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"buch deutschland erfahrungen krisen meinungsfreiheit musik\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/dieter-bohlen-srozumitelne-o-tom-proc-nemecko-selhava-kvuli-vlastni-byrokracii\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Dieter Bohlen srozumiteln\u011b: Pro\u010d N\u011bmecko selh\u00e1v\u00e1 kv\u016fli vlastn\u00ed byrokracii<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Dieter Bohlen v rozhovoru s Dominikem Kettnerem\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/bohlen-kettner-germany-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/11\/dieter-bohlen-srozumitelne-o-tom-proc-nemecko-selhava-kvuli-vlastni-byrokracii\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Dieter Bohlen srozumiteln\u011b: Pro\u010d N\u011bmecko selh\u00e1v\u00e1 kv\u016fli vlastn\u00ed byrokracii<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u010casto kladen\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Co je to vlastn\u011b smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" a pro\u010d je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za z\u00e1klad n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jednoty?<\/strong><br \/>\nSmlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" je z\u00e1kladem sjednocen\u00ed N\u011bmecka podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va. Byla uzav\u0159ena v roce 1990 mezi ob\u011bma n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty a \u010dty\u0159mi v\u00edt\u011bzn\u00fdmi mocnostmi druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. D\u00edky t\u00e9to smlouv\u011b z\u00edskalo N\u011bmecko zp\u011bt svou plnou suverenitu. Neupravovala pouze form\u00e1ln\u00ed z\u00e1le\u017eitosti, ale vytvo\u0159ila tak\u00e9 cel\u00fd bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d, do n\u011bho\u017e bylo sjednocen\u00e9 N\u011bmecko za\u010dlen\u011bno.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plat\u00ed smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" i dnes, nebo je to jen historick\u00fd dokument?<\/strong><br \/>\nSmlouva je st\u00e1le platn\u00e1. Nebyla \u010dasov\u011b omezena a nebyla zru\u0161ena. I kdy\u017e se dnes mnoh\u00e1 jej\u00ed ustanoven\u00ed zmi\u0148uj\u00ed jen z\u0159\u00eddka, jsou podle mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va st\u00e1le relevantn\u00ed. Jej\u00ed v\u00fdznam je z\u0159ejm\u00fd zejm\u00e9na tehdy, kdy\u017e se objev\u00ed nap\u011bt\u00ed v bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politice a p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed se d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1vazky.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d byl ve smlouv\u011b v\u016fbec stanoven vojensk\u00fd strop pro N\u011bmecko?<\/strong><br \/>\nHorn\u00ed hranice byla sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed mechanismu politick\u00e9 d\u016fv\u011bry. Po dvou sv\u011btov\u00fdch v\u00e1lk\u00e1ch m\u011bli vyjedn\u00e1vac\u00ed partne\u0159i silnou pot\u0159ebu p\u0159edv\u00eddatelnosti. Omezen\u00ed ozbrojen\u00fdch sil m\u011blo uk\u00e1zat, \u017ee sjednocen\u00e9 N\u011bmecko neusiluje o vojenskou p\u0159evahu, ale v\u011bdom\u011b se zavazuje.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vztahuje se horn\u00ed hranice 370 000 voj\u00e1k\u016f na cel\u00fd Bundeswehr, nebo pouze na aktivn\u00ed jednotky?<\/strong><br \/>\nPodle p\u0159evl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00edho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho v\u00fdkladu se toto \u010d\u00edslo vztahuje k aktivn\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00e9 s\u00edle Bundeswehru. Z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed nejsou trvale povol\u00e1ni, nejsou automaticky zahrnuti. Pr\u00e1v\u011b toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed hraje v dne\u0161n\u00edch debat\u00e1ch \u00fast\u0159edn\u00ed roli.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Je Bundeswehr s celkem 460 000 voj\u00e1ky automaticky poru\u0161en\u00edm smlouvy?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe nutn\u011b. Uveden\u00fd po\u010det se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z aktivn\u00edch jednotek a z\u00e1loh. Dokud aktivn\u00ed m\u00edrov\u00e9 s\u00edly z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed pod dohodnutou horn\u00ed hranic\u00ed, lze tvrdit, \u017ee smlouva je form\u00e1ln\u011b dodr\u017eov\u00e1na. Z politick\u00e9ho hlediska v\u0161ak lze tento v\u00fdvoj kritizovat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed ciz\u00edch vojsk ve v\u00fdchodn\u00edm N\u011bmecku tak citliv\u011b regulov\u00e1no?<\/strong><br \/>\nToto na\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bylo kl\u00ed\u010dovou podm\u00ednkou souhlasu tehdej\u0161\u00edho Sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho svazu se sjednocen\u00edm N\u011bmecka. M\u011blo zabr\u00e1nit tomu, aby se v d\u016fsledku sjednocen\u00ed n\u00e1hle zm\u011bnila vojensk\u00e1 situace na z\u00e1padn\u00ed hranici Ruska. Proto je tento bod dodnes obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b spornou ot\u00e1zkou.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00fd je rozd\u00edl mezi nasazen\u00edm a rotac\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00edch jednotek?<\/strong><br \/>\nNasazen\u00ed znamen\u00e1 trvalou, struktur\u00e1ln\u011b zakotvenou p\u0159\u00edtomnost. Rotace ozna\u010duje do\u010dasn\u00e9 pobyty, p\u0159i nich\u017e doch\u00e1z\u00ed k pravideln\u00e9 v\u00fdm\u011bn\u011b voj\u00e1k\u016f. Z pr\u00e1vn\u00edho hlediska je toto rozli\u0161en\u00ed relevantn\u00ed, ale z politick\u00e9ho hlediska se \u010dasto jev\u00ed jako um\u011bl\u00e9, proto\u017ee vojensk\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt ve skute\u010dnosti trval\u00e1.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d kritici pova\u017euj\u00ed princip rotace za obch\u00e1zen\u00ed?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee form\u00e1ln\u011b umo\u017e\u0148uje to, co se v podstat\u011b bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed trval\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtomnosti. I kdy\u017e se jednotliv\u00e9 jednotky m\u011bn\u00ed, vojensk\u00e1 struktura z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zachov\u00e1na. Kritici to pova\u017euj\u00ed za dodr\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed litery a z\u00e1rove\u0148 podkop\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed ducha smlouvy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Poru\u0161ilo N\u011bmecko dosud smlouvu \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\"?<\/strong><br \/>\nNebylo prok\u00e1z\u00e1no jasn\u00e9, form\u00e1ln\u00ed poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy. Debaty se vedou sp\u00ed\u0161e o v\u00fdkladu, politick\u00e9m dopadu a d\u016fv\u011b\u0159e. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tyto \u0161ed\u00e9 z\u00f3ny \u010din\u00ed smlouvu dnes op\u011bt aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d hraje smlouva v rusk\u00e9 argumentaci tak d\u016fle\u017eitou roli?<\/strong><br \/>\nV Rusku je smlouva vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako m\u011b\u0159\u00edtko pro z\u00e1vazky Z\u00e1padu po skon\u010den\u00ed studen\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Slou\u017e\u00ed jako reference pro politickou kritiku vojensk\u00e9ho v\u00fdvoje. Nejde ani tak o pr\u00e1vn\u00ed jemnosti, jako sp\u00ed\u0161e o vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed celkov\u00e9ho dopadu z\u00e1padn\u00edch akc\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Vypov\u011bd\u011blo ji\u017e Rusko smlouvu nebo podniklo konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed kroky, aby tak u\u010dinilo?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe. Existuj\u00ed ve\u0159ejn\u00e9 po\u017eadavky jednotliv\u00fdch politik\u016f a ostr\u00e1 r\u00e9torick\u00e1 kritika, ale \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 zdokumentovan\u00e9 form\u00e1ln\u00ed rozhodnut\u00ed o vypov\u011bzen\u00ed smlouvy. Rusko z\u0159ejm\u011b z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b udr\u017euje smlouvu v platnosti, aby ji mohlo nad\u00e1le politicky vyu\u017e\u00edvat.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d je otev\u0159en\u00e9 zru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy pro Rusko neatraktivn\u00ed?<\/strong><br \/>\nVypov\u011bzen\u00edm smlouvy by se odstranil argumenta\u010dn\u00ed z\u00e1klad. Dokud bude existovat, m\u016f\u017ee se na ni Rusko odvol\u00e1vat a pom\u011b\u0159ovat s n\u00ed kroky Z\u00e1padu. Z politick\u00e9ho hlediska je tento odkaz \u010dasto \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e form\u00e1ln\u00ed poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d jsou dnes star\u00e9 smlouvy op\u011bt tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee mnoho nov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dohod o zbran\u00edch a bezpe\u010dnosti bylo zru\u0161eno nebo oslabeno. Star\u00e9 smlouvy p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed alternativn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed logiku, kter\u00e1 klade d\u016fraz na omezen\u00ed, transparentnost a d\u016fv\u011bru. V nejist\u00e9 dob\u011b tyto standardy op\u011bt nab\u00fdvaj\u00ed na v\u00fdznamu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jsou smlouvy, jako je smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\", p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou nezbytn\u00e9 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politiky?<\/strong><br \/>\nNe nutn\u011b. Nenut\u00ed k ne\u010dinnosti, ale k ospravedln\u011bn\u00ed. Ka\u017ed\u00fd, kdo se chce odch\u00fdlit od jejich premis, to mus\u00ed politicky vysv\u011btlit. Pr\u00e1v\u011b tato povinnost vysv\u011btlovat m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e9st k odpov\u011bdn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm rozhodnut\u00edm.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d nesta\u010d\u00ed pouze form\u00e1ln\u011b dodr\u017eovat smlouvu?<\/strong><br \/>\nMezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnost toti\u017e nen\u00ed zalo\u017eena pouze na pr\u00e1vu, ale tak\u00e9 na vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Opat\u0159en\u00ed, kter\u00e1 jsou pr\u00e1vn\u011b p\u0159\u00edpustn\u00e1, mohou b\u00fdt politicky vn\u00edm\u00e1na jako provokace. Smlouvy maj\u00ed stabiliza\u010dn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dinek pouze tehdy, pokud je zohledn\u011bn i jejich duch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Co se v \u010dl\u00e1nku rozum\u00ed \u201epl\u00ed\u017eivou devalvac\u00ed\u201c smlouvy?<\/strong><br \/>\nJedn\u00e1 se o praxi, kdy je smlouva form\u00e1ln\u011b platn\u00e1, ale v d\u016fsledku neust\u00e1l\u00e9ho v\u00fdkladu a v\u00fdjimek ztr\u00e1c\u00ed sv\u016fj faktick\u00fd v\u00fdznam. To je nebezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e otev\u0159en\u00e9 zru\u0161en\u00ed, proto\u017ee se ztr\u00e1c\u00ed d\u016fv\u011bra, ani\u017e by byl vytvo\u0159en nov\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d byl tento \u010dl\u00e1nek naps\u00e1n pr\u00e1v\u011b te\u010f?<\/strong><br \/>\nProto\u017ee v Rusku se op\u011bt otev\u0159en\u011b diskutuje o smlouv\u011b \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\", o n\u00ed\u017e se v N\u011bmecku t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nev\u00ed. Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek si klade za c\u00edl poskytnout p\u0159ehled, vysv\u011btlit pozad\u00ed a uk\u00e1zat, o \u010dem sou\u010dasn\u00e9 debaty vlastn\u011b jsou - nad r\u00e1mec m\u00f3dn\u00edch slov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Jak\u00fd je hlavn\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br z tohoto \u010dl\u00e1nku?<\/strong><br \/>\nTato bezpe\u010dnost v Evrop\u011b byla v minulosti stabiln\u00ed, kdy\u017e byly zohledn\u011bny r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1jmy a prom\u00edtnuty do z\u00e1vazn\u00fdch pravidel. Smlouva \"dva plus \u010dty\u0159i\" je zt\u011blesn\u011bn\u00edm tohoto p\u0159\u00edstupu. Zda bude platit i v budoucnu, se teprve uk\u00e1\u017ee - z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161ak u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem pro kategorizaci dne\u0161n\u00edch rozhodnut\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-908 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-908 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Aktu\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010dl\u00e1nky o um\u011bl\u00e9 inteligenci<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-908\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped 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https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/KI-fuer-Einsteiger-Computer-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/KI-fuer-Einsteiger-Computer-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2025\/12\/ki-pro-zacatecniky-jak-zacit-s-umelou-inteligenci-bez-predchozich-znalosti\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">AI pro za\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edky: Jak za\u010d\u00edt s um\u011blou inteligenc\u00ed bez p\u0159edchoz\u00edch znalost\u00ed<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"wenn der mac zuh\u00f6rt: was apples integrierte ki mit gemini und siri k\u00fcnftig f\u00fcr nutzer bedeutet\" data-id=\"4813\"  data-category=\"apple iphone &amp; ipad apple macos ki-systeme\" data-post_tag=\"apple datenlogik datenschutz k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz llm mac prozesse sprachmodell\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/pokud-mac-nasloucha-tomu-co-bude-pro-uzivatele-v-budoucnu-znamenat-integrovana-ki-od-applu-s-gemini-a-siri\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Kdy\u017e Mac naslouch\u00e1: Co bude integrovan\u00e1 um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence Apple s Gemini a Siri znamenat pro u\u017eivatele v budoucnu?<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Apple, Siri a Gemini\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-Siri-Gemini.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-Siri-Gemini.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-Siri-Gemini-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-Siri-Gemini-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-Siri-Gemini-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/pokud-mac-nasloucha-tomu-co-bude-pro-uzivatele-v-budoucnu-znamenat-integrovana-ki-od-applu-s-gemini-a-siri\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Kdy\u017e Mac naslouch\u00e1: Co bude integrovan\u00e1 um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence Apple s Gemini a Siri znamenat pro u\u017eivatele v budoucnu?<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kdy\u017e se dnes hovo\u0159\u00ed o bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed politice, Bundeswehru a mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch z\u00e1vazc\u00edch, d\u011bje se tak v\u011bt\u0161inou v p\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e9m \u010dase: \u010d\u00edsla, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed hrozby, schopnost spolupracovat v r\u00e1mci alianc\u00ed. Z\u0159\u00eddka se v\u0161ak klade ot\u00e1zka, na jak\u00e9m pr\u00e1vn\u00edm z\u00e1klad\u011b to v\u0161e vlastn\u011b stoj\u00ed. P\u0159itom existuje smlouva, kter\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b tento z\u00e1klad tvo\u0159\u00ed \u2013 a kter\u00e1 p\u0159esto ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nen\u00ed zakotvena ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m pov\u011bdom\u00ed: smlouva \u201eDva plus \u010dty\u0159i\u201c. Mnoho \u2026 <a title=\"Kdy\u017e Mac naslouch\u00e1: Co bude integrovan\u00e1 um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence Apple s Gemini a Siri znamenat pro u\u017eivatele v budoucnu?\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/2026\/02\/pokud-mac-nasloucha-tomu-co-bude-pro-uzivatele-v-budoucnu-znamenat-integrovana-ki-od-applu-s-gemini-a-siri\/\" aria-label=\"\u010c\u00edst v\u00edce o Kdy\u017e Mac naslouch\u00e1: Co bude integrovan\u00e1 um\u011bl\u00e1 inteligence Apple s Gemini a Siri znamenat pro u\u017eivatele v budoucnu?\">\u010c\u00edst d\u00e1l<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4789,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":903,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,466],"tags":[480,475,482,426,484,478],"class_list":["post-4740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-allgemein","category-gesellschaft","tag-deutschland","tag-europa","tag-geopolitik","tag-krisen","tag-sicherheitspolitik","tag-spieltheorie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4740","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4740"}],"version-history":[{"count":14,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4740\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6001,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4740\/revisions\/6001"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4740"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4740"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/cs\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4740"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}