{"id":4079,"date":"2025-12-17T18:21:45","date_gmt":"2025-12-17T18:21:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/?p=4079"},"modified":"2026-03-24T13:47:26","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T13:47:26","slug":"jeffrey-sachs-warns-germany-why-europes-security-must-be-rethought","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/jeffrey-sachs-warns-germany-why-europes-security-must-be-rethought\/","title":{"rendered":"Jeffrey Sachs warns Germany: Why Europe's security needs to be rethought"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In his open letter to German Chancellor Friedrich Merz, published in the Berliner Zeitung on December 17, 2025, the well-known economist and professor Jeffrey D. Sachs speaks out with a clarity that has become rare in the current European debate. Sachs speaks not as an activist, not as a partisan and not as a commentator from a distance, but as an economist and political advisor who has worked for decades at the central interfaces of international crises, security architectures and economic upheavals. The open letter contains an unusually sharp quote:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><em>\u201eLearn history, Mr. Chancellor.\u201c<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><!--more-->The letter is less a political intervention of the day and more a document arguing from a historical perspective. In it, Sachs does not call for quick solutions, but for a return to a way of thinking that has long been taken for granted in Europe: security as a reciprocal relationship, diplomacy as an instrument of stabilization and historical honesty as a prerequisite for trust. The fact that he addresses the German Chancellor directly underlines the special role that Germany plays in Europe in his view - not as a military pioneer, but as an organizing, balancing force.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-556 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-556 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Social issues of the present<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-556\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"iran verstehen: alltag, proteste und interessen jenseits der schlagzeilen\" data-id=\"4462\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"erfahrungen europa geopolitik krisen meinungsfreiheit sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/understanding-iran-everyday-life-protests-and-interests-beyond-the-headlines\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Understanding Iran: Everyday life, protests and interests beyond the headlines<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Understanding Iran\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Iran-Titel.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Iran-Titel.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Iran-Titel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Iran-Titel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Iran-Titel-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/understanding-iran-everyday-life-protests-and-interests-beyond-the-headlines\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Understanding Iran: Everyday life, protests and interests beyond the headlines<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"vom content zur substanz: wie digitale systeme entstehen, die nicht kopierbar sind\" data-id=\"5899\"  data-category=\"allgemein b\u00fccher gesellschaft tipps &amp; 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Who rules today? What does this mean for refugees in Germany?<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Syria and Damascus\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Syrien-Damaskus-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/what-was-syria-like-before-the-war-who-is-ruling-today-what-does-this-mean-for-refugees-in-germany\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">What was Syria like before the war? Who rules today? What does this mean for refugees in Germany?<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Latest news on Jeffrey Sachs<\/h2>\n<p><strong>15.03.2026<\/strong>Economist Jeffrey Sachs has written in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2026\/3\/13\/jeffrey_sachs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Interview at Democracy Now!<\/strong><\/a> on the current conflict between the USA, Israel and Iran. Sachs is extremely critical of the military escalation and describes it as a \u201ewar of choice\u201c, i.e. a conflict that did not arise out of immediate necessity but was deliberately brought about politically. In his view, this is a dangerous breach of the basic principles of the international order. Sachs argues that an attack without clear self-defense or without a mandate from international institutions could be in direct conflict with international law and in particular with the United Nations Charter. Such a step, he warns, could have far-reaching consequences and further destabilize the global security architecture.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_167h58WfQhI\"><div id=\"lyte_167h58WfQhI\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F167h58WfQhI%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/167h58WfQhI\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F167h58WfQhI%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"YouTube video thumbnail\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Watch this video on YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nEconomist Jeffrey Sachs: U.S.-Israeli \u201eWar of Choice,\u201c Assault on U.N. Charter Could Lead to WWIII | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@DemocracyNow\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Democracy Now!<\/a><\/p>\n<p>In the interview, Sachs also emphasizes that a military conflict with Iran entails considerable geopolitical risks. He sees the danger that the war could spread regionally and involve other powers. In the Middle East in particular, numerous states are indirectly involved or affected, for example through military alliances, energy interests or strategic alliances. Sachs therefore warns that an escalation could ultimately lead to a much larger international conflict. In this context, he even speaks of the possibility that such a war could trigger a chain reaction that would have an impact on global politics beyond the region. In his view, a diplomatic solution would therefore be urgently needed to prevent further military escalation.<\/p>\n<p>Sachs also criticizes the fact that military strategies in international politics often pursue short-term goals without sufficiently considering the long-term consequences. He argues that conflicts in the Middle East in recent decades have repeatedly shown how difficult it is to achieve stable political solutions through military interventions. Instead, he advocates a stronger focus on diplomacy, international cooperation and political negotiations. Only through such approaches could a sustainable stabilization of the region be achieved. Sachs therefore sees the current situation as a decisive fork in the road: either the conflict escalates further militarily - or the states involved will try to find a political solution through negotiations and international institutions.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/03\/the-iran-israel-conflict-why-this-escalation-is-the-wests-strategic-nightmare\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-5217\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"Israel-Iran - Strategic nightmare\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Israel-Iran-Strategischer-Albtraum.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>The escalation between Iran and Israel shows how quickly regional conflicts can become a strategic problem for the entire West. In my <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/03\/the-iran-israel-conflict-why-this-escalation-is-the-wests-strategic-nightmare\/\"><strong>Article about the Iran-Israel conflict<\/strong><\/a> it becomes clear that this is not just about two states, but about a complex web of security interests, alliances and power projections in the Middle East. A direct military clash would have the potential to destabilize the entire region and shake up global energy and trade structures. This is precisely why some strategists speak of a \u201enightmare scenario\u201c for Western states: A conflict that can hardly be controlled and at the same time opens up several geopolitical fronts simultaneously.<\/p>\n<p><strong>23.01.2026<\/strong>In a recent interview, Jeffrey Sachs analyzes the political signals from the World Economic Forum (WEF 2026) in Davos together with Glenn Diesen. The focus is on Donald Trump's speech and the reactions of Western politicians. Sachs paints a critical picture of Europe: instead of shaping its own foreign policy, the EU has for years limited itself to observing and adapting. While other regions are increasingly formulating their own interests, Europe appears disoriented and subordinate.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_0kYtS35HdVg\"><div id=\"lyte_0kYtS35HdVg\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F0kYtS35HdVg%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/0kYtS35HdVg\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2F0kYtS35HdVg%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"YouTube video thumbnail\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Watch this video on YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nJeffrey Sachs: Davos - The US empire out of control &amp; Europe's subordination | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@GDiesenDE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Glenn Diesen<\/a><\/p>\n<p>The interview soberly classifies this development and provides a fundamental analysis of the current geopolitical situation.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Historical responsibility and the concept of security<\/h2>\n<p>Jeffrey D. Sachs begins his <a href=\"https:\/\/www.berliner-zeitung.de\/politik-gesellschaft\/offener-brief-von-jeffrey-sachs-lernen-sie-geschichte-herr-bundeskanzler-li.10010628\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>open letter<\/strong><\/a> with a fundamental criticism of the German government's security policy rhetoric. According to Sachs, responsibility for European security cannot be fulfilled through buzzwords, moralizing or the normalization of war rhetoric. Security is not a one-sided concept, but is based on reciprocity.<\/p>\n<p>This principle is not a Russian or American narrative, but a central foundation of the European post-war order, laid down in the Helsinki Final Act, the OSCE structures and decades of diplomacy.<\/p>\n<p>According to Sachs, Germany must face up to this responsibility with historical honesty - a requirement that the current political language does not meet in his view.<\/p>\n<h3>Russia's security interests ignored since 1990<\/h3>\n<p>A central argument of the letter is the thesis that key Russian security concerns have been systematically ignored, relativized or violated since the end of the Cold War - often with the active participation or tacit acceptance of Germany. This history should neither be ignored nor relativized if an end to the war in Ukraine is to be achieved or a permanent state of confrontation in Europe avoided. Sachs emphasizes that sustainable peace is only possible if the actual causes of the conflict are named and understood.<\/p>\n<p>Sachs recalls the phase of German reunification in detail. In this context, clear assurances were repeatedly given to the Soviet and later the Russian leadership that there would be no eastward expansion of NATO. These assurances were not casual remarks, but part of the political framework that made the approval of German reunification within NATO possible in the first place. Germany had benefited considerably from these assurances.<\/p>\n<p>Sachs describes their later relativization or denial as historical revisionism and a breach of political trust.<\/p>\n<h3>NATO interventions and the changing security order<\/h3>\n<p>The letter refers to the NATO airstrikes on Serbia in 1999, in which Germany took part. This intervention was carried out without a mandate from the UN Security Council and represented a fundamental breach of the previous security order.<\/p>\n<p>For Russia, this was a clear signal that NATO was prepared to use military force beyond its alliance territory - regardless of Russian objections. This has permanently damaged strategic trust.<\/p>\n<p>Sachs also criticizes the unilateral withdrawal of the USA from the ABM Treaty in 2002, a central pillar of strategic stability. Germany has hardly been critical of this step. The deployment of missile defence systems close to the Russian border was inevitably perceived as destabilizing from a Russian perspective. To dismiss these security concerns across the board as irrational or paranoid was political propaganda and had nothing to do with responsible diplomacy.<\/p>\n<p>Germany's recognition of Kosovo's independence in 2008 set a further precedent that undermined the principle of territorial integrity. Warnings about the long-term consequences were ignored. Here too, Russian objections were not seriously examined, but morally delegitimized - with consequences for the stability of the European order.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Current survey on trust in politics<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"0a3235229f8585ec59042a8e4d73eecf\" data-pid=\"4628\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\"\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"08a892bd45\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"1\" data-uid=\"a8266c33f9dec54404801e0d149954f2\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"1\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">How much trust do you have in politics and the media in Germany?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"1\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"10\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[1]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[1]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"1\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Very high - I fully trust the official bodies<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"2\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"24\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[2]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[2]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"2\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Medium - I am cautious, but not fundamentally suspicious<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"3\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"54\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[3]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[3]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"3\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Low - I check a lot of things myself<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"4\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"252\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[4]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[4]\" name=\"answer[1]\" value=\"4\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Hardly present - I believe that a lot of things are disguised or staged<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#1636f0; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Vote<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"en\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>NATO accession prospects for Ukraine and Georgia<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs is particularly critical of the insistence on a NATO membership perspective for Ukraine and Georgia, as formulated in Bucharest in 2008. This policy has crossed clearly defined red lines.<\/p>\n<p>If a major power clearly and consistently articulates key security interests over decades, then deliberately ignoring them is not diplomacy, but an escalation strategy with foreseeable consequences.<\/p>\n<h3>Germany's role in Ukraine since 2014<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs devotes a separate section to Germany's role since the upheaval in Ukraine in 2014, saying that Berlin, together with Paris and Warsaw, brokered the agreement of February 21, 2014, which was intended to end violence and secure constitutional order. This agreement collapsed within hours and was followed by a violent change of power. Germany immediately recognized the new political regime and thus effectively abandoned a previously guaranteed agreement.<\/p>\n<p>The Minsk Agreement II of 2015 was intended to correct this breach and end the war in eastern Ukraine. Germany once again acted as a guarantor power. However, the agreement had not been implemented for years, and Kiev had openly rejected its political components in particular. Germany had accepted this. Sachs sees later public admissions by Western politicians that Minsk primarily bought time for military preparations as a serious admission that requires an honest reappraisal.<\/p>\n<h3>Criticism of arms deliveries, rhetoric and public manipulation<\/h3>\n<p>Against this backdrop, demands for more and more weapons, sharper rhetoric and demonstrative determination seem hollow to Sachs. He criticizes political communication that ignores recent history and seeks to morally infantilize the public.<\/p>\n<p>European societies are well able to understand that security dilemmas are real and that military decisions have consequences.<\/p>\n<p>Sachs recalls Germany's Ostpolitik as an expression of strategic maturity. Dialogue, arms control, economic integration and the recognition of legitimate security interests had once contributed to Europe's stability. This attitude was not a weakness, but a prerequisite for peace. Germany must return to this maturity and no longer present war as unavoidable or morally imperative.<\/p>\n<h3>Proposals for a new European security architecture<\/h3>\n<p>The letter formulates concrete proposals:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>an end to NATO's eastward expansion, particularly towards Ukraine and Georgia<\/li>\n<li>Neutrality of Ukraine with international security guarantees<\/li>\n<li>Mutual demilitarization of border regions<\/li>\n<li>Lifting of sanctions as part of a negotiated solution<\/li>\n<li>Rejection of the confiscation of Russian state assets<\/li>\n<li>Return to arms control treaties such as the INF Treaty<\/li>\n<li>Strengthening the OSCE as Europe's central security forum<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3>Economic rationality and European strategic autonomy<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs warns of long-term damage to the European economy caused by sanction policies and expropriation-like measures. Lawful trade and economic cooperation are not a moral failure, but an expression of realism. Strategic autonomy means shaping a European security order in its own interests - not permanent subordination to an expansive NATO logic.<\/p>\n<h3>Final appeal: Honesty as a prerequisite for peace<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs concluded by urgently appealing to the Federal Chancellor to take an honest look at history. Without honesty there could be no trust, without trust there could be no security and without diplomacy Europe would be in danger of repeating past disasters. History will judge what Germany remembers - and what it forgets. This time, Germany should consciously opt for diplomacy and peace.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lyte-wrapper\" style=\"width:640px;max-width:100%;margin:5px;\"><div class=\"lyMe\" id=\"WYL_VxI7m9rmFto\"><div id=\"lyte_VxI7m9rmFto\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FVxI7m9rmFto%2Fhqdefault.jpg\" class=\"pL\"><div class=\"tC\"><div class=\"tT\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"play\"><\/div><div class=\"ctrl\"><div class=\"Lctrl\"><\/div><div class=\"Rctrl\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><noscript><a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/VxI7m9rmFto\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/plugins\/wp-youtube-lyte\/lyteCache.php?origThumbUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fi.ytimg.com%2Fvi%2FVxI7m9rmFto%2F0.jpg\" alt=\"YouTube video thumbnail\" width=\"640\" height=\"340\" \/><br \/>Watch this video on YouTube<\/a><\/noscript><\/div><\/div><div class=\"lL\" style=\"max-width:100%;width:640px;margin:5px;\"><\/div><br \/>\nThe geopolitics of peace - Professor Jeffrey Sachs in the European Parliament | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/@MartinSonneborn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Martin Sonneborn<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Security policy shifts in Germany<\/h3>\n<p>Parallel to the international security policy debates to which Jeffrey Sachs refers in his open letter, significant shifts have also taken place in Germany in recent years. For the first time in decades, the so-called <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/10\/what-does-the-tension-in-germany-mean-and-what-concrete-consequences-would-it-have\/\"><strong>state tension<\/strong><\/a> a term from the Basic Law that had almost completely disappeared from everyday political life for a long time. It is linked to questions of internal and external security, the role of the Bundeswehr and the resilience of state structures in the event of a crisis. In this context, the suspension of compulsory military service was also increasingly called into question.<\/p>\n<p>Various political actors have developed models for a reintroduction, partial obligation or extended obligation. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/09\/conscientious-objection-to-military-service-what-to-do-in-an-emergency\/\"><strong>Compulsory military service<\/strong><\/a> The debate on the future of military preparedness has been initiated, partly openly, partly gradually through legal adjustments and organizational preparations. These debates mark a profound mental shift: away from the decades-long assumption of a permanent peace order and towards a policy that once again regards military preparedness as the norm. This is precisely where Germany's domestic political development intersects with Sachs' fundamental criticism: when security issues are framed primarily in military terms, the political horizon narrows. Historical experience, diplomatic alternatives and social costs are pushed into the background - with far-reaching consequences for democracy, the economy and social stability.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h3>Current survey on a possible case of tension<\/h3>\n<div class='bootstrap-yop yop-poll-mc'>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"basic-yop-poll-container\" style=\"background-color:#ffffff; border:0px; border-style:solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:0px 5px;\" data-id=\"6\" data-temp=\"basic-pretty\" data-skin=\"square\" data-cscheme=\"blue\" data-cap=\"0\" data-access=\"guest\" data-tid=\"\" data-uid=\"306123a039e84baae23b15b5846d79f3\" data-pid=\"4628\" data-resdet=\"votes-number,percentages\" data-show-results-to=\"guest\" data-show-results-moment=\"after-vote\" data-show-results-only=\"false\" data-show-message=\"true\" data-show-results-as=\"bar\" data-sort-results-by=\"as-defined\" data-sort-results-rule=\"asc\"data-is-ended=\"0\" data-percentages-decimals=\"2\" data-gdpr=\"no\" data-gdpr-sol=\"consent\" data-css=\".basic-yop-poll-container[data-uid] .basic-vote {\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\ttext-align: center;\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}\" data-counter=\"0\" data-load-with=\"1\" data-notification-section=\"top\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-md-12\"><div class=\"basic-inner\"><div class=\"basic-message hide\" style=\"border-left: 10px solid #008000; padding: 0px 10px;\" data-error=\"#ff0000\" data-success=\"#008000\"><p class=\"basic-message-text\" style=\"color:#000000; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\"><\/p><\/div><div class=\"basic-overlay hide\"><div class=\"basic-vote-options\"><\/div><div class=\"basic-preloader\"><div class=\"basic-windows8\"><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_1\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_2\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_3\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_4\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-wBall basic-wBall_5\"><div class=\"basic-wInnerBall\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><form class=\"basic-form\" action=\"\"><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"_token\" value=\"fc300e5d8f\" autocomplete=\"off\"><div class=\"basic-elements\"><div class=\"basic-element basic-question basic-question-text-vertical\" data-id=\"6\" data-uid=\"cc39fa7edaeb1468515c852db7dcbe0c\" data-type=\"question\" data-question-type=\"text\" data-required=\"yes\" data-allow-multiple=\"no\" data-min=\"1\" data-max=\"7\" data-display=\"vertical\" data-colnum=\"\" data-display-others=\"no\" data-others-color=\"\" data-others=\"\" data-others-max-chars=\"0\"><div class=\"basic-question-title\"><h5 style=\"color:#000000; font-size:16px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left;\">How well do you personally feel prepared for a possible case of tension (e.g. crisis or war)?<\/h5><\/div><ul class=\"basic-answers\"><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"24\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"19\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[24]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[24]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"24\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Very good - I have supplies, knowledge and a plan<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"25\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"36\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[25]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[25]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"25\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Rather good - I have given it some thought<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"26\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"60\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[26]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[26]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"26\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Hardly - I just hope that nothing happens<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"27\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"13\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[27]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[27]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"27\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">Not at all - I deliberately suppress the topic<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><li class=\"basic-answer\" style=\"padding:0px 0px;\" data-id=\"28\" data-type=\"text\" data-vn=\"17\" data-color=\"#000000\" data-make-link=\"no\" data-link=\"\"><div class=\"basic-answer-content basic-text-vertical\"><label for=\"answer[28]\" class=\"basic-answer-label\"><input type=\"radio\" id=\"answer[28]\" name=\"answer[6]\" value=\"28\"><span class=\"basic-text\" style=\"color: #000000; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal;\">What is a \"voltage drop\" anyway?<\/span><\/label><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"basic-vote\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"button basic-vote-button\" role=\"button\" style=\"background:#027bb8; border:0px; border-style: solid; border-color:#000000; border-radius:5px; padding:10px 10px; color:#ffffff; font-size:14px; font-weight:normal;\">Vote<\/a><\/div><input type=\"hidden\" name=\"trp-form-language\" value=\"en\"\/><\/form><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Brief profile: Who is Prof. Jeffrey D. Sachs?<\/h2>\n<p>Jeffrey D. Sachs is a US economist and one of the best-known public intellectuals in the field of development economics and international policy advice. He is currently <a href=\"https:\/\/csd.columbia.edu\/sachs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>University Professor<\/strong><\/a> (the highest academic rank at Columbia University) and Director of the Center for Sustainable Development at Columbia University in New York.<\/p>\n<p>He is also President of the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and serves on UN-related committees, including as SDG Advocate under UN Secretary-General Ant\u00f3nio Guterres. From 2002 to 2016, he also headed the Earth Institute at Columbia University.<\/p>\n<h3>Origin and early influence<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs was born in Detroit (Michigan) in 1954 and grew up in the suburb of Oak Park. In <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jeffrey_Sachs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Biographies<\/strong><\/a> It is often emphasized that the social tensions and inequalities of the region (including the Detroit riots) awakened in him an early awareness of the gap between poverty and prosperity.<\/p>\n<p>He is the son of Joan (n\u00e9e Abrams) and Theodore Sachs, who is described as a labor lawyer; Sachs is also often portrayed as having grown up in a Jewish family.<\/p>\n<h3>Education: Harvard, and at record speed<\/h3>\n<p>His academic career is extraordinarily straightforward: Sachs studied at Harvard University, graduating with a B.A. (1976, summa cum laude), an M.A. (1978) and a Ph.D. (1980) - all in economics.<\/p>\n<p>He was accepted into the Harvard Society of Fellows while still a graduate student, which was an early signal of his reputation as an exceptional talent.<\/p>\n<h3>Harvard years: Rise to \u201estar economist\u201c status\u201c<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs came to Harvard as a lecturer in 1980, was promoted very quickly and was awarded a tenured professorship at a young age. He later became the Galen L. Stone Professor of International Trade and headed programs and institutes that were closely intertwined with international political consulting.<\/p>\n<p>During this phase, his reputation grew as an economist who not only works theoretically, but also advises governments directly in crises - with clear, often uncompromising reform proposals.<\/p>\n<h3>The 1980s\/1990s: \u201eShock Therapy\u201c and the debates surrounding it<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs became internationally known for his role as an advisor during economic upheavals - for example in countries with hyperinflation or during the transition from a planned to a market economy. In many accounts, he is described as one of the prominent representatives of a rapid stabilization policy, which is often summarized under the term \u201eshock therapy\u201c (rapid price\/currency reforms, tough fiscal discipline, rapid system changeover).<\/p>\n<p>Importantly, this phase is still controversial today. Supporters point to the stabilization successes of individual countries, while critics emphasize social hardship, political side effects and false incentives - especially in the early years of transformation in the former Soviet Union. Sachs\u2019 name regularly appears as a symbolic figure in this debate, both in academic and political discussions.<\/p>\n<h3>Moving to Columbia: Sustainable development as a life's work<\/h3>\n<p>In 2002, Sachs moved to Columbia University. There he directed the Earth Institute (2002-2016) and today heads the Center for Sustainable Development.<\/p>\n<p>Since then, the focus has been less on \u201epure macroeconomics\u201c and more on sustainable development, poverty reduction, health, climate, infrastructure and international cooperation. This fits in with his role as author and organizer of major programmes in which research, policy advice and public communication are intertwined.<\/p>\n<h3>Role at the United Nations: MDGs, SDGs and political influence<\/h3>\n<p>Sachs was active in UN contexts for many years: among other things, he is described as an advisor to several UN Secretaries-General and was a formative voice in the context of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and later the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).<\/p>\n<p>The SDSN (UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network), of which he is President, is a kind of bridge: The aim is for science, civil society, business and politics to work together to promote practicable solutions for SDG goals.<\/p>\n<h3>Public impact today: author, commentator, polarization<\/h3>\n<p>In recent years, Sachs has not only been present as a development economist, but also as a political commentator on geopolitics, war and international order. Depending on the audience, this has met with either approval or harsh criticism - precisely because he often emphasizes that international conflicts can only be resolved through security architectures, diplomacy and the balancing of interests. It comes as no surprise that he causes offense with this: Sachs rarely argues in headline mode, but rather about long lines, power logic and historical path dependencies.<\/p>\n<p>If you summarize Sachs\u2019 path, a clear pattern emerges:<\/p>\n<p>He is not a \u201epure university economist\u201c, but an economist in the engine room of history - first in monetary and systemic crises, later in global poverty and development agendas, and today increasingly in fundamental questions of security order and diplomacy. His strength is the big picture; his risk is that big picture issues are quickly misunderstood as \u201epartisanship\u201c in heated debates.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-557 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 10px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-557 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Portraits of people with attitude<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-557\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"jan-josef liefers: ein portr\u00e4t \u00fcber haltung, herkunft und k\u00fcnstlerische freiheit\" data-id=\"3854\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"deutschland erfahrungen krisen lernen meinungsfreiheit musik pers\u00f6nlichkeitsentwicklung portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/jan-josef-liefers-a-portrait-of-attitude-origin-and-artistic-freedom\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Jan-Josef Liefers: A portrait of attitude, origins and artistic freedom<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Jan-Josef Liefers\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/jan-josef-liefers-silhouette-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/jan-josef-liefers-a-portrait-of-attitude-origin-and-artistic-freedom\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Jan-Josef Liefers: A portrait of attitude, origins and artistic freedom<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"mehr als punk: nina hagen, cosma shiva und die kunst, sich nicht vereinnahmen zu lassen\" data-id=\"4521\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"auswandern deutschland erfahrungen europa krisen meinungsfreiheit musik portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/more-than-punk-nina-hagen-cosma-shiva-and-the-art-of-not-being-taken-in\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">More than punk: Nina Hagen, Cosma Shiva and the art of not letting yourself be taken in<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Portrait of Nina and Cosma Shiva Hagen\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/more-than-punk-nina-hagen-cosma-shiva-and-the-art-of-not-being-taken-in\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">More than punk: Nina Hagen, Cosma Shiva and the art of not letting yourself be taken in<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"warum dieter bohlen spricht, wenn andere schweigen: ein portr\u00e4t \u00fcber flei\u00df und klarheit\" data-id=\"3744\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"auswandern deutschland erfahrungen krisen meinungsfreiheit musik portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/why-dieter-bohlen-speaks-when-others-remain-silent-a-portrait-of-diligence-and-clarity\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Why Dieter Bohlen speaks when others remain silent: A portrait of diligence and clarity<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Bohlen-Portrait-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/why-dieter-bohlen-speaks-when-others-remain-silent-a-portrait-of-diligence-and-clarity\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Why Dieter Bohlen speaks when others remain silent: A portrait of diligence and clarity<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"dieter hallervorden \u2013 mehr als didi: portr\u00e4t eines unbequemen freigeists\" data-id=\"4347\"  data-category=\"gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"erfahrungen meinungsfreiheit musik portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/dieter-hallervorden-more-than-didi-portrait-of-an-uncomfortable-free-spirit\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Dieter Hallervorden - More than Didi: Portrait of an uncomfortable free spirit<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Dieter Hallervorden and the W\u00fchlm\u00e4use in Berlin\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Hallvervorden-Wuehlmaeuse.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Hallvervorden-Wuehlmaeuse.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Hallvervorden-Wuehlmaeuse-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Hallvervorden-Wuehlmaeuse-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Dieter-Hallvervorden-Wuehlmaeuse-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/dieter-hallervorden-more-than-didi-portrait-of-an-uncomfortable-free-spirit\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Dieter Hallervorden - More than Didi: Portrait of an uncomfortable free spirit<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>All points of the open letter at a glance<\/h2>\n<div style=\"overflow: auto;\">\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"background: #f2f2f2;\">\n<th>Time \/ Phase<\/th>\n<th>What Sachs criticizes<\/th>\n<th>What Sachs demands<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>1990 (reunification \/ end of the Cold War)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Assurances that NATO would not expand eastwards were later relativized or presented as \u201enon-binding\u201c.<br \/>\nThis had damaged trust.<\/td>\n<td>Historical honesty about commitments and their political significance; recognizing security guarantees as a reciprocal principle<br \/>\n(Security is \u201eindivisible\u201c).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>1999 (NATO air war against Serbia)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Germany's participation in NATO bombings without a UN Security Council mandate; signal that NATO will also use force outside its territory<br \/>\nagainst Russian objections.<\/td>\n<td>Return to a rules-based security order (UN\/OSCE logic); do not establish violence as a normal instrument; confidence-building instead of<br \/>\nCreate precedents.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2002 (ABM Treaty \/ missile defense)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>USA withdraws from the ABM Treaty; Germany raises no serious objections. Deployment\/planning of missile defense near Russia<br \/>\nBorders are dismissed as destabilizing.<\/td>\n<td>Rebuilding a resilient arms control architecture; do not devalue security concerns as \u201eparanoia\u201c; strategic stability as<br \/>\nAddress core objective.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2008 (Kosovo recognition)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Recognition of Kosovo's independence despite warnings of precedent and undermining territorial integrity.<\/td>\n<td>Honest recognition of Western precedents; consistent regulatory policy that is comprehensible under international law instead of selective principles.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2008 (NATO Bucharest Summit: Ukraine\/Georgia perspective)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Political commitment to NATO accession prospects for Ukraine and Georgia despite repeated, long-term Russian warnings (red lines).<\/td>\n<td>Unambiguous end to NATO's eastward expansion (Ukraine, Georgia and other border states); de-escalation through structural clarity.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>February 2014 (Kiev: Agreement of February 21)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Germany mediates\/guarantees an agreement on de-escalation and preservation of constitutional order; agreement fails within hours,<br \/>\nThere is a change of power; Germany immediately recognizes the new government.<\/td>\n<td>Consistent diplomacy with commitment; guarantees must not remain without consequences; take political issues of order seriously instead of just \u201emore<br \/>\nto the next step\u201c.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>2015-2022 (Minsk II as a guarantee model)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Minsk II would not be implemented for years; political components would be rejected; Germany would not enforce implementation. Later<br \/>\nStatements that Minsk was more of a \u201egain of time\u201c are a serious breach of trust.<\/td>\n<td>Honest review of Minsk; diplomacy as an instrument of peace instead of tactical maneuvering; future negotiating framework with real implementation<br \/>\nand verifiable mechanisms.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Since 2022 (Ukraine war \/ escalation dynamics)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Focus on more and more weapons, sharper rhetoric and \u201edetermination\u201c; ignoring previous history; moral simplifications (\u201einfantilization\u201c)<br \/>\ninstead of enlightenment.<\/td>\n<td>Return to genuine diplomacy (not PR); recognition of security dilemmas; de-escalation through political architecture instead of symbolic politics.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Security order in Europe<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Security is thought of too strongly in NATO logic; OSCE is marginalized; European strategy is too much shaped by alliance slogans\/expansion logic.<\/td>\n<td>Reinforce the OSCE as a central forum; build a European security order \u201ebased on European interests\u201c (strategic autonomy) and<br \/>\nInclude Russia instead of excluding it.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Neutrality vs. troop deployment<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Discussion about European troops\/deployment in\/near Ukraine; in Sachs\u2019 view this would deepen division and prolong war.<\/td>\n<td>Ukrainian neutrality with credible international guarantees; stability through accepted security arrangements instead of forward stationing.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Military reciprocity \/ border areas<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Rearmament and deployment (incl. missile systems) close to borders; one-sided security thinking.<\/td>\n<td>Mutual demilitarization of border regions through verifiable agreements: Russian forces away from NATO borders and NATO systems away from<br \/>\nRussian borders (reciprocity).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Sanctions<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Sanctions would not have brought peace and would have significantly damaged Europe's economy; hardening instead of a solution.<\/td>\n<td>Gradually lift sanctions as part of a negotiated solution; restore economic realism and contractual trade.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Confiscation of Russian state assets<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>\u201eReckless\u201c confiscation\/confiscation of Russian state assets; from Sachs\u2019 point of view a blatant violation of international law and breach of trust in the global<br \/>\nfinancial system.<\/td>\n<td>Germany should reject such measures; preserve legal certainty; economic recovery through lawful, contract-based trade instead of<br \/>\nExpropriation logic.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Arms control (INF &amp; nuclear stability)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Erosion of central arms control frameworks; too little pressure to return to stabilizing treaties; increasing risk of escalation.<\/td>\n<td>Push for a return to INF-like frameworks and comprehensive strategic negotiations on nuclear arms control (USA\/Russia, later<br \/>\nChina, if applicable).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>European deterrence \/ France<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Debates about deterrence without clear defensive containment; danger of advanced systems that act as a threat.<\/td>\n<td>France could expand its nuclear deterrent as a European umbrella - but in a strictly defensive manner, without forward-deployed systems that Russia could use.<br \/>\nthreaten.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Kosovo-Ukraine analogy \/ borders<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>Western policy has itself contributed to the shifting of borders; nevertheless, it is often argued that this is unilaterally \u201eunthinkable\u201c.<\/td>\n<td>Honest recognition of precedents and analogies; peace as an overarching goal; applying principles consistently rather than selectively morally<br \/>\nto justify.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h2>Why this letter is more than just a foreign policy commentary<\/h2>\n<p>Jeffrey Sachs' open letter to Chancellor Merz is not an isolated statement, but part of a larger debate on international law, security logic and political credibility. If you want to delve deeper into these issues, you can find more information in the supplementary article <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/rule-based-world-order-and-international-law-between-reality-and-breach-of-law\/\"><em><strong>\u201eRules-based world order and international law: between claim, reality and breach of law\u201c<\/strong> <\/em><\/a>a systematic classification of the underlying structures. It also includes a detailed video speech by Jeffrey Sachs in which he explains his own positions - calmly, analytically and without political buzzwords. The article shows how quickly normative vocabulary becomes an empty formula when breaches of the law are declared to be accepted practice.<\/p>\n<p>What Jeffrey Sachs formulates in this letter fits strikingly coherently into a larger development that can also be observed in other areas. In the previously published article on game theory <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/game-theory-explains-25-years-of-geopolitics-how-europe-lost-its-strategic-role\/\"><strong>Consideration of European decisions<\/strong><\/a> showed how Europe has increasingly abandoned its former role as a shaping actor in favor of short-term alliance logics, symbolic determination and binary friend-foe narratives. Sachs essentially describes precisely this mechanism, only from the perspective of the security architecture: decisions are no longer made on the basis of long-term stability, but on the basis of political expectations and moral simplifications.<\/p>\n<p>A look at the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/state-of-the-german-economy-2025-five-years-of-crisis-figures-trends-and-outlook\/\"><strong>German economy in 2025<\/strong><\/a> fits into this picture. Economic substance, industrial resilience and reliable framework conditions cannot be permanently separated from geopolitical decisions. Anyone who thinks of security exclusively in military terms risks economic self-harm. Sachs openly expresses this connection when he warns against the confiscation of state assets, describes sanctions as economically counterproductive and points to the erosion of trust in international rules. This is not a plea for compliance, but for predictability - a quality on which both diplomacy and business are based.<\/p>\n<p>It is also striking that Sachs is not calling for something fundamentally new. On the contrary: his letter is a reminder of principles that have sustained Europe itself for decades. Ostpolitik, arms control, neutrality as an instrument of stability, multilateral forums such as the OSCE - none of these are exotic ideas, but proven elements of European post-war history. The fact that they are often portrayed today as na\u00efve or outdated says less about their effectiveness than about the state of the political debate.<\/p>\n<p>This is precisely why the letter is so irritating - and at the same time so necessary. It breaks with the current tendency to reduce complex interrelationships to short moral formulas. Sachs does not assume that the European public is immature, but trusts them to understand security dilemmas. This attitude stands in contrast to political communication, which increasingly relies on simplification, emotionalization and a lack of alternatives.<\/p>\n<p>In this sense, the open letter is not only a criticism of specific political decisions, but also an indirect commentary on the state of European thinking. It poses the question of whether Europe is once again ready to assume responsibility in the original sense: not through loudness, but through strategic sobriety; not through escalation, but through order; not through forgetting history, but through remembering.<\/p>\n<p>Whether these questions will be heard remains to be seen. But asking them is a necessary first step - not only for the European security order, but also for the economic, political and social stability on which Europe has long thrived.<\/p>\n<h3>International law and \u201erules-based order\u201c - claim and reality<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/rule-based-world-order-and-international-law-between-reality-and-breach-of-law\/\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-4281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"International law and rules-based world order\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel-18x12.jpg 18w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/voelkerrecht-weltordnung-titel.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>The current conflict also raises a fundamental question: What role does international law still play in an increasingly polarized world order? In my <a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/rule-based-world-order-and-international-law-between-reality-and-breach-of-law\/\"><strong>Article<\/strong><\/a> on the \u201erules-based world order\u201c examines precisely this contradiction. The term sounds clear and morally unambiguous, but often remains blurred in political practice. Time and again, it becomes apparent that the same actors who publicly refer to international rules interpret or circumvent them differently in crisis situations. This creates a tension between political aspirations and real power politics - a tension that characterizes many international conflicts today and puts the credibility of global institutions under increasing pressure.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-558 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-558 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Current articles on art &amp; culture<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-558\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"spieltheorie erkl\u00e4rt 25 jahre geopolitik: wie europa seine strategische rolle verlor\" data-id=\"3850\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"denkmodelle deutschland energiepolitik eu-gesetze europa geopolitik krisen sicherheitspolitik spieltheorie\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/game-theory-explains-25-years-of-geopolitics-how-europe-lost-its-strategic-role\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Game theory explains 25 years of geopolitics: How Europe lost its strategic role<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"765\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Game theory explains 25 years of geopolitics\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-300x224.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-768x574.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/europa-russland-spieltheorie-16x12.jpg 16w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/game-theory-explains-25-years-of-geopolitics-how-europe-lost-its-strategic-role\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Game theory explains 25 years of geopolitics: How Europe lost its strategic role<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"apple im wandel: fr\u00fche ger\u00e4te, eigene erfahrungen und eine ausstellung im ocm\" data-id=\"5480\"  data-category=\"allgemein apple iphone &amp; ipad apple macos hardware kunst &amp; kultur stories &amp; humor\" data-post_tag=\"apple erfahrungen filemaker mac prozesse publishing\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/03\/apple-in-transition-early-devices-own-experiences-and-an-exhibition-at-ocm\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Apple in transition: Early devices, personal experiences and an exhibition at the OCM<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Apple Macintosh Classic and Color Classic\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-OCM-Titel.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-OCM-Titel.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-OCM-Titel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-OCM-Titel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Apple-OCM-Titel-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/03\/apple-in-transition-early-devices-own-experiences-and-an-exhibition-at-ocm\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Apple in transition: Early devices, personal experiences and an exhibition at the OCM<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"mehr als punk: nina hagen, cosma shiva und die kunst, sich nicht vereinnahmen zu lassen\" data-id=\"4521\"  data-category=\"allgemein gesellschaft kunst &amp; kultur\" data-post_tag=\"auswandern deutschland erfahrungen europa krisen meinungsfreiheit musik portrait\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/more-than-punk-nina-hagen-cosma-shiva-and-the-art-of-not-being-taken-in\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">More than punk: Nina Hagen, Cosma Shiva and the art of not letting yourself be taken in<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Portrait of Nina and Cosma Shiva Hagen\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/Nina-Cosma-Shiva-Hagen-Titel-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/more-than-punk-nina-hagen-cosma-shiva-and-the-art-of-not-being-taken-in\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">More than punk: Nina Hagen, Cosma Shiva and the art of not letting yourself be taken in<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"die affinity grafik-suite wird kostenlos: was profi-anwender jetzt wissen m\u00fcssen\" data-id=\"3675\"  data-category=\"apple macos b\u00fccher kunst &amp; kultur tipps &amp; anleitungen\" data-post_tag=\"buch mac prozesse publishing verlag\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/11\/the-affinity-graphics-suite-becomes-free-what-professional-users-need-to-know-now\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">The Affinity graphics suite becomes free: What professional users need to know now<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Affinity graphics suite free of charge\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/affinity-grafiksuite-kostenlos-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/11\/the-affinity-graphics-suite-becomes-free-what-professional-users-need-to-know-now\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">The Affinity graphics suite becomes free: What professional users need to know now<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>\n<h2>Frequently asked questions<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Who is Jeffrey Sachs and why is his voice relevant?<\/strong><br \/>\nJeffrey D. Sachs is an internationally renowned economist, university professor at Columbia University and long-standing advisor to governments and the United Nations. His relevance does not result from day-to-day political commentary, but from decades of work on international crises, transformation processes and security issues. His arguments are mostly historical, systemic and long-term - independent of party political lines.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is Sachs addressing his open letter directly to the German Chancellor?<\/strong><br \/>\nSachs traditionally sees Germany as a key power in Europe - not primarily in military terms, but politically, economically and diplomatically. In his view, Germany bears a special responsibility for stability, balance and mediation in Europe. The letter is therefore to be understood less as personal criticism than as an appeal to this historical role.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What is the central message of the open letter?<\/strong><br \/>\nThe core message is: European security is indivisible and cannot be permanently organized against Russia's security interests. Sachs calls for historical honesty, serious diplomacy and a move away from purely military escalation logic in favor of a stable, inclusive security architecture.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Does Sachs\u2019 position justify Russian policy?<\/strong><br \/>\nNo. Sachs does not justify military actions, but analyzes the security policy conditions that have led to escalations. His approach follows the classic security dilemma theory: a lack of consideration for the central interests of a major power increases the probability of conflict in the long term - regardless of moral assessments.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why does NATO's eastward enlargement play such an important role in the letter?<\/strong><br \/>\nSachs views NATO's eastward expansion as a political decision with foreseeable security policy consequences. He refers to earlier assurances, red lines and repeated warnings from Russia. In his view, ignoring such signals is not diplomacy, but a deliberate strategy of escalation.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What significance does Sachs attach to German reunification?<\/strong><br \/>\nGerman reunification serves Sachs as a historical example of successful diplomacy: it was only possible because security promises were taken seriously. From this he derives Germany's obligation not to suppress this historical experience, but to use it as a benchmark for today's policy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why does Sachs criticize NATO's intervention in Serbia in 1999?<\/strong><br \/>\nHe sees this as a breach of the post-war order, as it was the first time that military intervention had taken place without a UN mandate. For Russia, this signaled that international rules were being applied selectively - a decisive loss of trust for the European security architecture.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What role do the Minsk agreements play in his argument?<\/strong><br \/>\nFor Sachs, the Minsk agreements are an example of failed diplomacy. Germany acted as a guarantor power, but did not enforce implementation. Sachs sees later admissions by Western politicians that Minsk was primarily intended to buy time as a serious breach of trust.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is Sachs so clearly opposed to further arms deliveries?<\/strong><br \/>\nHe argues that arms deliveries prolong symptoms but do not solve causes. Without a political solution, they would prolong the war, deepen the division and further fuel the escalation spiral - with increasing costs for Europe itself.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What does Sachs mean by \u201emoral infantilization\u201c of the public?<\/strong><br \/>\nHe criticizes political communication that reduces complex security issues to moralistic buzzwords. Sachs assumes that European societies are perfectly capable of understanding conflicting interests, dilemmas and historical contexts - if they are given honest information.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What role should neutrality play according to Sachs?<\/strong><br \/>\nSachs does not see neutrality as a weakness, but as a proven instrument of stability. In his view, historical examples such as Finland, Austria and Switzerland show that neutrality can take into account the legitimate security interests of all sides and defuse conflicts - including for Ukraine.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is Sachs calling for an end to NATO's eastward expansion?<\/strong><br \/>\nHe does not see enlargement as an inevitable consequence of the post-war order, but as a political decision with destabilizing consequences. In his view, a stop is a prerequisite for trust, de-escalation and the establishment of a new security order.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What economic aspects does Sachs particularly emphasize?<\/strong><br \/>\nSachs warns of the long-term damage caused by sanctions, expropriation and trade disruptions. He argues that economic stability, industrial performance and social cohesion are closely linked to security policy decisions - especially for Germany.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why does Sachs reject the confiscation of Russian state assets?<\/strong><br \/>\nHe sees this as a breach of international law and a threat to the global financial system. If state assets are politically confiscated, this undermines trust, contractual security and, in the long term, European economic interests.<\/li>\n<li><strong>What role should the OSCE play in the future?<\/strong><br \/>\nSachs calls for a return to the OSCE as a central forum for European security. In contrast to NATO, it is designed for dialog, confidence building and arms control and could enable a more inclusive security architecture.<\/li>\n<li><strong>How does Sachs\u2019 analysis fit in with game theory considerations of Europe?<\/strong><br \/>\nHis letter can easily be read as an analysis of game theory: Europe had repeatedly made decisions that appeared consistent in the short term, but created strategic disadvantages in the long term. Escalation is not a stable state of equilibrium, but leads to permanent uncertainty.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Is Sachs\u2019 approach realistic or nostalgic?<\/strong><br \/>\nSachs\u2019 approach is less nostalgic than historically grounded. He points to functioning models from the past and argues that their basic principles - dialog, reciprocity, predictability - are still valid today, regardless of changes in the framework conditions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Why is this open letter important right now?<\/strong><br \/>\nBecause Europe is at a point where security policy, economic and social decisions are increasingly intertwined. Sachs\u2019 letter offers no easy way out, but a rare moment of clarity - and reminds us that peace does not come from volume, but from structure.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"display-post-types\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\n\t\t\t#dpt-wrapper-559 { --dpt-text-align: left;--dpt-image-crop: center;--dpt-border-radius: 5px;--dpt-h-gutter: 10px;--dpt-v-gutter: 9px; }\t\t\t<\/style>\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">#dpt-wrapper-559 { --dpt-title-font-style:normal;--dpt-title-font-weight:600;--dpt-title-line-height:1.5;--dpt-title-text-decoration:none;--dpt-title-text-transform:none;--dpt-excerpt-font-style:normal;--dpt-excerpt-font-weight:400;--dpt-excerpt-line-height:1.5;--dpt-excerpt-text-decoration:none;--dpt-excerpt-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta1-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta1-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta1-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta1-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta1-text-transform:none;--dpt-meta2-font-style:normal;--dpt-meta2-font-weight:400;--dpt-meta2-line-height:1.9;--dpt-meta2-text-decoration:none;--dpt-meta2-text-transform:none; }<\/style><div class=\"dpt-main-header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-main-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"dpt-main-title-text\">Current articles on artificial intelligence<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"dpt-wrapper-559\" class=\"dpt-wrapper dpt-mag1 land1 dpt-cropped dpt-flex-wrap\" >\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"ki als sparringspartner nutzen: wie denken im dialog produktiver wird\" data-id=\"4121\"  data-category=\"b\u00fccher ki-systeme tipps &amp; anleitungen\" data-post_tag=\"buch datenlogik denkmodelle k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz lernen llm ratgeber sprachmodell\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/using-ki-as-a-sparring-partner-how-thinking-becomes-more-productive-in-dialog\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Using AI as a sparring partner: How thinking in dialog becomes more productive<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"AI as a savings partner\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/ki-als-sparringspartner-laptop.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/ki-als-sparringspartner-laptop.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/ki-als-sparringspartner-laptop-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/ki-als-sparringspartner-laptop-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/ki-als-sparringspartner-laptop-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/12\/using-ki-as-a-sparring-partner-how-thinking-becomes-more-productive-in-dialog\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Using AI as a sparring partner: How thinking in dialog becomes more productive<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"ki-studio 2025: welche hardware wirklich lohnt \u2013 vom mac studio bis zur rtx 3090\" data-id=\"3704\"  data-category=\"apple macos featured hardware ki-systeme\" data-post_tag=\"apple digitales eigentum k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz llm mlx neo4j sprachmodell\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/11\/ki-studio-2025-which-hardware-is-really-worth-it-from-mac-studio-to-rtx-3090\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">AI Studio 2025: Which hardware is really worth it - from the Mac Studio to the RTX 3090<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Hardware 2025 for AI studio\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/KI-Studio-Hardware-2025.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/KI-Studio-Hardware-2025.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/KI-Studio-Hardware-2025-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/KI-Studio-Hardware-2025-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/KI-Studio-Hardware-2025-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2025\/11\/ki-studio-2025-which-hardware-is-really-worth-it-from-mac-studio-to-rtx-3090\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">AI Studio 2025: Which hardware is really worth it - from the Mac Studio to the RTX 3090<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry has-thumbnail\" data-title=\"chatgpt-datenexport erkl\u00e4rt: wie deine ki-chats zu einem pers\u00f6nlichen wissenssystem werden\" data-id=\"5259\"  data-category=\"featured ki-systeme tipps &amp; 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anleitungen\" data-post_tag=\"datenlogik datenschutz digitales eigentum k\u00fcnstliche intelligenz ratgeber\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"dpt-entry-wrapper\"><div class=\"dpt-featured-content\"><div class=\"dpt-permalink\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/why-a-company-magazine-is-more-important-than-advertising-today\/\" class=\"dpt-permalink\"><span class=\"screen-reader-text\">Why having your own magazine is more important for companies today than advertising<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail\"><div class=\"dpt-thumbnail-inner\"><img width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Magazine as property\" context=\"dpt\" data-dpt-src=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege.jpg\" data-dpt-sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" data-dpt-srcset=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/magazin-gastbeitraege-18x12.jpg 18w\" \/><\/div><span class=\"dpt-thumbnail-aspect-ratio\" style=\"padding-top: 75%\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sub-entry\"><h3 class=\"dpt-title\"><a class=\"dpt-title-link\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/why-a-company-magazine-is-more-important-than-advertising-today\/\" rel=\"bookmark\">Why having your own magazine is more important for companies today than advertising<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .dpt-entry -->\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n<hr \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In his open letter to German Chancellor Friedrich Merz, published in the Berliner Zeitung on December 17, 2025, the well-known economist and professor Jeffrey D. Sachs speaks out with a clarity that has become rare in the current European debate. Sachs speaks not as an activist, not as a partisan and not as a commentator from a distance, ... <a title=\"Why having your own magazine is more important for companies today than advertising\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/2026\/01\/why-a-company-magazine-is-more-important-than-advertising-today\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Why having your own magazine is more important for companies today than advertising\">Read more<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4082,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":1351,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,466],"tags":[480,481,470,475,482,426,476,477,484],"class_list":["post-4079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-allgemein","category-gesellschaft","tag-deutschland","tag-energiepolitik","tag-eu-gesetze","tag-europa","tag-geopolitik","tag-krisen","tag-meinungsfreiheit","tag-portrait","tag-sicherheitspolitik"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4079"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5415,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4079\/revisions\/5415"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4082"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.markus-schall.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}